Tayy

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Banu Tayy
Jabal Tayy and Syrian Desert

10th century–16th century: Jabal Tayy, Syrian Desert, Jibal al-Sharat, al-Balqa, Palmyrene Steppe, Upper Mesopotamia, Northern Hejaz, Najd
Descended fromJulhumah ibn 'Udad ibn Malik ibn 'Udad ibn Zaid
Parent tribeMadhhaj
Branches
ReligionPolytheism (pre-630)
Miaphysite Christianity (pre-638)
Islam (post 630)

The Tayy (

Arab tribe, among whose descendants today are the tribes of Bani Sakher and Shammar. The nisba (patronymic) of Tayy is aṭ-Ṭāʾī (ٱلطَّائِي). In the second century CE, they migrated to the northern Arabian ranges of the Shammar and Salma Mountains, which then collectively became known as the Jabal Tayy, and later Jabal Shammar. The latter continues to be the traditional homeland of the tribe until the present day. They later established relations with the Sasanian and Byzantine
empires.

Though traditionally allied with the Sasanian client state of the

al-Hirah in the 610s. In the late sixth century, the Fasad War split the Tayy, with members of its Jadila branch converting to Christianity and migrating to Syria where they became allied with the Ghassanids, and the Ghawth branch remaining in Jabal Tayy. A chieftain and poet of the Al Ghawth, Hatim al-Ta'i
, is widely known among Arabs until today.

Adi ibn Hatim and another Tayy chieftain, Zayd al-Khayr, converted to Islam together with much of their tribe in 629–630, and became companions of the Prophet. The Tayy participated in several Muslim military campaigns after Muhammad's death, including in the Ridda Wars and the Muslim conquest of Persia. Al-Jadila in northern Syria remained Christian until the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 638.

The Tayy were split during the

Mu'awiya. The latter and his Umayyad kinsmen ultimately triumphed and members of the Tayy participated in the Umayyad conquest of Sindh in the early eighth century. Nonetheless, a branch of the Tayy under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i were among the leaders of the Abbasid Revolution which toppled the Umayyads in the mid-eighth century. The Tayy fared well under the Abbasid Caliphate, producing military officials and renowned poets such as Buhturi and Abu Tammam
.

By the mid-9th century, Abbasid authority had eroded and the Tayy were left dominant in the southern Syrian Desert and Jabal Tayy. Under the

Crusaders until the late 12th and early 13th centuries, when the Tayy's various subbranches, chief among them the Al Fadl, were left as the last politically influential Arab tribe in the region extending from Najd northward to Upper Mesopotamia
.

Genealogy

The Tayy's

Qahtan, the semi-legendary, common ancestor of the Arab tribes of southern Arabia. Julhumah was a direct descendant of Kahlan via Julhumah's father Zayd ibn Yashjub,[2][3] who in turn was a direct descendant of 'Arib ibn Zayd ibn Kahlan.[3]

Branches

The two main branches of Tayy were Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadilah. The former was named after al-Ghawth, a son of Julhumah.[3] The immediate offspring of al-Ghawth's son, 'Amr, were Thu'al, Aswadan (commonly known as Nabhan), Hani, Bawlan and Salaman.[4] The offspring of Thu'al (Banu Thu'al) and Aswadan (Banu Nabhan) became leading sub-branches of the Tayy in northern Arabia, while the offspring of Hani (Banu Hani) became a major sub-branch in southern Mesopotamia.[4] According to traditional Arab genealogists, the Banu Thu'al were the ancestors of the Banu Rabi'ah of Syria, and in turn of the Al Fadl emirs.[5]

The Al Jadilah's namesake was a woman of the Tayy named Jadilah, whose sons Hur and Jundub became the progenitors of Banu Hur and Banu Jundub, respectively.[3] The latter produced the numerous Al al-Tha'alib (Tha'laba) subbranch, which itself produced the Banu La'm, which became a leading sub-branch of Al Jadilah in northern Arabia.[3] The Jarm (or Jurum) may have also been a branch of the Al al-Tha'alib.[6]

According to the 14th-century Arab historian and sociologist, Ibn Khaldun, the Tayy were among those Qahtanite tribes who lived in the hills and plains of Syria and Mesopotamia and intermarried with non-Arabs.[7] Ibn Khaldun further stated that Tayyid tribesmen did "not pay any attention to preserving the (purity of) lineage of their families and groups".[7] Thus the lineage of the Tayy's many subbranches was difficult for genealogists to accurately ascertain.[7]

Pre-Islamic era

Migration to Jabal Tayy

The Banu Tayy were originally based in

Arabia in the late 2nd century CE,[8] in the years following the dispersion of the Banu Azd from Yemen.[9]

They largely lived among the north Arabian mountain ranges of Aja and Salma with

Banu Assad, who lost some territory with the arrival of Tayyid tribesmen.[11] However, the two tribes ultimately became allies in later centuries and intermarried.[11] In ancient times, the two main branches of the Tayy were the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadila.[11] The tribesmen lived in different parts of the region, with those living among the mountains known as the "al-Jabaliyyun" (the Mountaineers), those on the plain (mostly from Al Jadila) known as "as-Sahiliyyun" (the Plainsmen) and those on the desert sands known as "al-Ramliyyun".[11]

Relations with Sassanids and Byzantines

Fifth century

The Tayy were so widespread and influential throughout the

Middle Persian: tʾcy')and later Tâzī (Persian: تازی), also meaning "Arab".[15] For the Tayy specifically, the Syriac authors would use the word "Tu'aye".[14]

The Tayy were subjects of the

Nisibis.[18] Despite this violation of the bilateral agreement, the Sassanid-Byzantine peace held.[19]

Sixth century

Throughout the 6th century, the Tayy continued their relations with the Sassanids and their chief Arab clients, the

al-Hirah, al-Nu'man III fell out with Khosrow II, who had been restored to the Sassanid throne, and sought safety with the Tayy.[11] The tribe refused to grant refuge to al-Nu'man, who was married to two Tayyid women, and he was ultimately killed by the Sassanids in 602.[11] A Tayyid chief, Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i, subsequently migrated to al-Hirah with some of his tribesmen and became its governor, ruling from 602 to 611 CE.[11] The Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il tribe opposed the rule of Iyas and began raiding Sassanid territory in southern Mesopotamia.[20] In response, Iyas commanded pro-Sassanid Arab and Persian troops against the Banu Bakr at the Battle of Dhi Qar in 609, in which the Sassanids were defeated.[11]

According to historian

Irfan Shahid, evidence suggests clans of the Tayy moved into Byzantine-held Syria beginning in the 6th century.[11] By then, the Ghassanids had largely supplanted the Salihids as the Byzantines' main foederati, and the Salihids began living alongside the Tayy in the region of Kufa.[21] In the late 6th century, the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadila fought against each other in the 25-year-long Fasad War (harb al-Fasad) in northern Arabia.[22] Numerous atrocities were committed by both factions and the war resulted in the migration of several Jadila clans from the north Arabian plains to Syria,[11][23] while the Al Al-Ghawth remained in Jabal Aja and Jabal Salma.[23] The Jadila tribesmen founded a hadir (military encampment) near Qinnasrin (Chalcis) called "Hadir Tayyi" after the tribe.[11][23] The Ghassanid king al-Harith ibn Jabalah brokered a peace between the Tayy factions, ending the Fasad War.[24] Afterward, the Tayy's relations with the Ghassanids, which had previously been checkered, were much improved.[11] The Al Jadila converted to Christianity, the religion adopted decades earlier by the Ghassanids.[11] Some other clans of the Banu Tayy remained pagan, worshiping the deities of Ruda and al-Fils.[11] Those who converted to Christianity apparently embraced their new faith zealously and produced two well-known priests, named in Syriac sources as Abraham and Daniel.[14]

Sometime during the 6th century, the Tayy and the Asad formed a confederation, which was later joined by the

Banu Ghatafan as well.[25] The alliance collapsed when Asad and Ghatafan assaulted both the Al al-Ghawth and Al Jadilah and drove them out of their territories in Jabal Tayy.[26] However, one of the leaders of the Asad, Dhu al-Khimarayn Awf al-Jadhami defected from the Ghatafan soon after and reestablished the alliance with the Tayy.[26] Together, they campaigned against Ghatafan and restored their territories in Jabal Tayy.[26]

Islamic era

Muhammad's days

The Tayy's initial reaction to the emergence of Islam in Arabia was varied, with some embracing the new faith and others resistant. The Tayyid clans of Jabal Tayy, all of whom lived within close proximity of each other, had maintained close relationships with the inhabitants and tribes of Mecca and Medina, the setting of Islam's birth.[27] Among their contacts in Mecca were tribesmen from the Quraysh, the tribe of the Islamic prophet and leader, Muhammad.[27] There was a degree of intermarriage between the Tayy and Quraysh.[27] The Tayy also had a level of interaction with the Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir, with the father of one of its leading members and enemy of the early Muslims, Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf (died 624), being from Tayy.[27] In the first years of Muhammad's mission, individual members of certain Tayyid clans converted to Islam.[28] Among these early converts were Suwayd ibn Makhshi who fought against the pagan Arabs of Mecca, including two of his kinsmen, in the Battle of Badr in 624 CE; Walid ibn Zuhayr who served as a guide for the Muslims in their expedition against the Banu Asad in Qatan in 625; and Rafi' ibn Abi Rafi' who fought under Muslim commander Amr ibn al-As in the Battle of Chains in October 629.[29]

In 630, Muhammad dispatched his cousin

Banu Ghatafan.[34]

Ridda Wars

Following Muhammad's death in 632, several Arab tribes rebelled against his Rashidun successor, Caliph Abu Bakr, switching their allegiance to Tulayha of the Banu Asad. The Tayy's allegiance during the ensuing Ridda Wars is a "widely disputed matter", according to historian Ella Landau-Tasseron.[35] Some Muslim traditions claim all of the Tayy remained committed to Islam, while Sayf ibn Umar's tradition holds they all defected. Landau-Tasseron asserts that neither extreme is correct, with some Tayy leaders, foremost among them Adi ibn Hatim, fighting on the Muslim side and others joining the rebels. However, Tayyid rebels did not engage in direct conflict with the Muslims.[35]

Muhammad had appointed Adi to collect

sadaqa (tribute) from the Tayy and Banu Asad.[36] After Muhammad's death and the resulting chaos among the Muslims and the belief that Islam would imminently collapse, those among the Tayy who had paid their sadaqa (in this case, 300 camels) to Adi demanded the return of their camels or they would rebel.[36] Adi either advised them to abandon this demand because Islam would survive Muhammad's death and they would be viewed as traitors or threatened to fight against them if they revolted.[36] After this encounter, the accounts of contemporary and early Muslim historians vary.[36] It is clear, that Adi played an integral role in preventing much of the rebellious clans of Tayy from actually fighting the Muslims and preventing the Muslims from attacking the Tayy.[36] When he heard news of Abu Bakr's dispatch of a Muslim army against the Tayy in Syria, he sought to stop their march by smuggling the contested 300 camels to Abu Bakr, making the Tayy the first tribe to pay the sadaqa, an action that was widely lauded by Muhammad's companions.[36]

It is apparent that Adi's traditional rivals within the Tayy from the Banu Nabhan (led by Zayd's son Muhalhil) and Banu La'm (led by Thumama ibn Aws), or at least some of their members, joined Tulayha in Buzakha (in northern Najd), while their other members also defected but remained in Jabal Tayy.[37] Adi persuaded the latter to return to Islam, which they agreed to.[38] However, they refused to abandon their tribesmen in Buzakha, fearing Tulayha would hold them hostage if he discovered they joined the Muslims.[38] Thus, Adi and the Muslim Tayyids devised a strategy to lure the Tayy in Tulayha's camp to return to Jabal Tayy by issuing a false claim that the Muslims were attacking them.[38] When the apostate Tayyids reached their tribesmen in Jabal Tayy, far from Tulayha's reach, they discovered the false alarm and were persuaded to rejoin Islam.[38] With this, the entirety of the Al al-Ghawth had returned to the Muslim side.[38] However, the Al Jadila remained in revolt and the Muslim commander Khalid ibn al-Walid was set to move against them.[38] He was stopped by the intercession of Adi, who was able secure the Al Jadila's allegiance through diplomacy.[38]

The consensus in all Muslim traditions is that the Tayy of Arabia was firmly on the Muslims' side by the time of the Battle of Buzakha in September 632.[39] The Tayy supposedly were given their own banner in the Muslim army, per their request, which was a testament to their influence since only the Ansar (core of the Muslim force) had their own banner.[40] At the Battle of Buzakha against Tulayha, Adi and Muknif ibn Zayd, who unlike Zayd's other son Muhalhil had fought alongside the Muslims from the start, commanded the right and left wings of the Muslim army.[40] The "Tayyaye d-Mhmt" were reported by Thomas the Presbyter as fighting with Romans 12 miles east of Gaza in 634.

Rashidun conquests

During the

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah encountered them in their hadir in 638, after which many agreed to convert to Islam, though a large section remained Christian and agreed to pay jizya (poll tax).[11][23] Most of the Christian tribesmen became Muslims in the few years after, with few exceptions.[23]

Umayyad period

In the

Raja Dahir in battle.[11][47]

Abbasid period

The

al-Buhturi.[11] The former, who authored the Hamasah anthology, may not have been an actual member of the tribe, but had adopted the tribe as his own.[citation needed
]

Abbasid authority in Syria and Iraq eroded considerably after the beginning of the "Anarchy at Samarra" in 861, which left the vast expanse of the Syrian and Arabian deserts without governmental oversight.[49] During this period, the Tayy dominated the southern part of the Syrian Desert, the Banu Kilab dominated the northern part and the Banu Kalb dominated central Syria.[49] The latter tribe, whose presence in the region had preceded the Muslim conquest and the migration of the Tayy and Kilab, was largely sedentarized, while the Tayy and Kilab, being relative newcomers to the region, were still highly mobile nomadic groups.[50] According to Kamal Salibi, the Tayy's "chief military asset, in fact, was their Bedouin swiftness of movement".[50] Moreover, the durable connections the Tayy of Syria maintained with their north Arabian counterparts in Jabal Tayy made them virtually independent and prone to revolt against the various Muslim states in Syria and Iraq.[50]

The Tayy made their abode in

Lakhm.[52] However, law and order once again broke down during the reigns of Khumarawayh's successors Jaysh and Harun between 896 and 904.[52] This coincided with the rising strength of the anarchist Qarmatian movement in eastern Arabia and southern Iraq.[52] The Tayy associated themselves with the Qarmatians to establish their dominance of southern Syria; with likely Qarmatian encouragement, the Tayy launched a revolt between Syria and the Hejaz in 898, during which they plundered caravans and disrupted lines of communication.[52]

Fatimid period

See also: Jarrahids

When the Qarmatians attacked

Buwayhids.[53]

In 981–82, relations between the Jarrahids and the Fatimids collapsed and the former were driven out of Palestine.

Hamdanids' Turkish governor of Homs, Bakjur. By the time of Mufarrij's death, the Jarrahids had restored their dominant position in Palestine.[54] Mufarrij's son, Hassan, maintained relations with the Fatimids under Caliph al-Hakim, but when the latter disappeared, Hassan's relations with his successor deteriorated.[56]

In 1021, the Banu Nabhan led by Hamad ibn Uday besieged the Khurasani pilgrim caravan in Fayd near Jabal Tayy despite being paid off by the Khurasani sultan,

Lake Tiberias in 1029, prompting Hassan and his tribesmen to flee northward.[58]

The Tayy established an alliance with the Byzantines and upon the latter's invitation, the 20,000-strong Tayy of Syria relocated their encampments from the vicinity of

Marwanid advances in 1036.[58] In 1041, the Jarrahids regained control of Palestine, but the Fatimids continued to go to war against them.[58] The Jarrahids continued to disrupt Fatimid rule until the Fatimids were driven out of Syria and Palestine in 1071.[59]

Later Islamic era

See also: Al Fadl

With the end of the Fatimid era in Syria and Palestine, descendants of Mufarrij entered the service of the Muslim states of the region, first with the cadet branches of the

Crusaders, who had conquered the Syrian coastal regions, including Palestine, in 1098–1100.[58] By the end of the 11th century, the Banu Rabi'ah branch of the Tayy (direct descendants of Mufarrij) and the Mazyadid branch of the Banu Assad were the last influential Arab tribes in Syria and Iraq, with the rest having "disappeared from the political map", according to historian Mustafa A. Hiyari.[61]

The tribal distribution in the Syrian and north Arabian deserts had significantly changed by the late 12th century as a result of the decline of several major tribes, the expansion of others, namely the Tayy, and the gradual assimilation of substantial Bedouin population with the settled inhabitants.

al-Sharqiyah district in the Nile Delta.[64] The Banu Jarm, who inhabited the area stretching from Gaza to the northern coastline of Palestine,[64] were also a Tayyid tribe according to some sources, while others consider them to be from the Quda'a tribe.[65][66]

During Mamluk rule, the Bedouin of Syria were used as auxiliaries in the Mamluks' wars with the Mongols based in Iraq and Anatolia. In central and northern Syria, the Bedouin came under the authority of the Al Fadl emirs in their capacity as the hereditary officeholders of the

an-Nasir Muhammad had a special affinity for the Bedouin and maintained strong relations with the tribes of Syria and Egypt. However, following his death, the state's relations with the Bedouin deteriorated. The Tha'laba left their semi-permanent camp in al-Sharqiya to maraud across the country and joined the revolt of the al-A'id tribe in the mid-14th century.[68]

References

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  3. ^ a b c d e Ibn Abd Rabbih, ed. Boullata, 2011, p. 294.
  4. ^ a b Ibn Abd Rabbih, ed. Boullata 2011, p. 295.
  5. ^ Popper, William (1955). Egypt and Syria Under the Circassian Sultans, 1382–1468 A.D.: Systematic Notes to Ibn Taghrî Birdî's Chronicles of Egypt, Volumes 15–17. University of California Press. p. 4.
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Bibliography

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