History of Omaha, Nebraska
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The history of
Surrounded by small towns and cities that competed for business from the hinterland's farmers, the city suffered a major setback in the Panic of 1857. Despite this, Omaha quickly emerged as the largest city in Nebraska. After losing the Nebraska State Capitol to Lincoln in 1867, many business leaders rallied and created the Jobbers Canyon in downtown Omaha to outfit farmers in Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming and further west. Their entrepreneurial success allowed them to build mansions in Kountze Place and the Old Gold Coast neighborhoods.
With the development of the
With reform administrations in the 1930s and 40s, the city became a meatpacking powerhouse. Several regional
After World War II, blacks in Omaha as in other parts of the nation began to press harder for civil rights. Veterans believed they deserved full rights after fighting for the nation. Some organizations had already been formed, but they became more active, leading into the city's Civil Rights Movement.
Suburbanization and highway expansion led to
White contact with Native Americans
Omaha's location near the confluence of the
During the late 18th and early 19th centuries when they were the most powerful Indians along the stretch of the
European settlement
On July 21, 1804, the
The
In 1825 a fur trader named J.B. Royce built a stockade and trading post on a plateau near the present-day block formed by Dodge Street and Capitol Avenue, Ninth and Tenth Streets.[2] That establishment was abandoned and decayed within the next 20 years.[3]
In the 1840s the Mormons built a town called Cutler's Park in the area before resuming their westward migration on the Mormon Trail.[4]
In 1854
Pioneer Omaha: 1853 to 1867
In 1853
While the city was young, there were no formal police or sheriff, or at least one with any significant authority. Compensating for the absence of the law, many early Omaha pioneers formed a claim club to create and enforce a legal system to their advantage. The Omaha Claim Club took authority over many areas of the new city, generally focused on land-related issues. In the 1860s, ten years after the city's formation, early citizens also created the Old Settlers' Association to record the early history of the settlement.
Aside from Omaha, other early settlements and towns in the area include
The first minister in Omaha was
The Nebraska State Capitol was moved from Omaha in 1867.
Nebraska Territory Capitol
Late in 1854 Omaha was chosen as the territorial capital for Nebraska. In 1855 during a
The small city suffered greatly in the economic
Business
While
Development Era: 1868 to 1899
Towns founded during this period include
In 1856 the
In 1879 the trial of
In the 1880s, Omaha was said to be the fastest-growing city in the United States. After Irish-born
Omaha's growth was accelerated in the 1880s by the rapid development of the
In 1894 the Ladies Axillary of the
The
This period also saw the rise of formal crime in Omaha that presaged the arrival of
Establishment Era: 1900 to 1941
In the decades before World War II, Omaha went through a prosperous period marked with rapid development, cultural growth and massive growth of population throughout the city. African Americans were recruited for work by the meatpacking industry and came North in the Great Migration in highest numbers after 1910. This was also the period of highest immigration by Polish workers. A number of new residents established communities throughout the city, older immigrant populations became further assimilated into the city's culture, and growth was accommodated in neighborhoods built to the north and south of Downtown Omaha. The early 1910s saw the growth of the city's Automobile Row along Farnam Street.
The city suffered greatly during the Great Depression. Federal intervention throughout the 1930s was critical for many residents. Work Progress Administration (WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) projects employed many men in projects to build infrastructure of parks and community facilities. All of the current city core was surrounded by farms by this period, with buildings such as the Ackerhurst Dairy Barn indicative of that phase.
Sports
The Omaha Omahogs was a baseball team started in 1900 as part of the new Western League. Their name changed to the Omaha Indians in 1902. In 1904 the team was fielded as the Omaha Packers, and in 1906 as the Omaha Rourkes. They kept that name until 1921 when the name changed to the Omaha Buffaloes, which stuck until 1928 when it changed to the Omaha Crickets. In 1930 the team changed its name back to the Omaha Packers and kept that name until 1935 when they moved to Council Bluffs and subsequently folded. A new team called the Omaha Robin Hoods formed in 1936, but moved to Rock Island, Illinois late in the year. The team reformed shortly thereafter as the Omaha Cardinals, remaining as such for several years.
Greek Town Riot
New immigrants jostled for position with those who had arrived earlier and competition for jobs and place was intense. Many immigrant ethnic groups were intensely territorial. In 1909 a mob of 1,000 ethnic white men from South Omaha almost lynched a Greek man for supposedly being involved with a "white" woman. After their efforts were thwarted, the mob grew and swarmed into Greek Town, where they destroyed homes, businesses and a school; beat Greek immigrants; and destroyed the area by burning it. No person was indicted for any aspect of the riot.
Easter Sunday Tornado
In 1913 a devastating tornado ripped through Omaha, becoming known as the Easter Sunday tornado. It killed more than 100 people, destroyed hundreds of homes, and cut a long swathe through the city, including the heart of
Omaha Race Riot
Social tensions simmered in the postwar years, as the nation adjusted to returning veterans, competition for jobs, and fears about labor unrest. After a summer of race riots in numerous industrial cities across the country, Omaha was tense, too. The newspaper had inflamed feelings with sensational stories accusing black men of crimes. The black population increased dramatically from 1910-1920 when they were recruited to work by the stockyards. When many black men worked as strikebreakers, resentment by other working-class, ethnic white men rose against them. The "independent political boss" Tom Dennison was later implicated of contributing to racial tensions in an effort to turn out a reform mayor.
The spark of the Omaha Race Riot of 1919 occurred when a
Social and cultural developments
In 1925
The Nebraska chapter of the National German-American Alliance (NGAA) was founded and led by Valentin J. Peter, the publisher and editor of the German language Omaha Tribune in 1907. By the 1920s the organization was working closely with breweries throughout the city to challenge the complete political and social assimilation of German immigrants in Nebraska. During the same period Peter was buying other German-language newspapers across the U.S. The NGAA folded in the late 1920s; Peter's business, the Interstate Publishing Company, still operates in Omaha today.
Tom Dennison
The reign of Omaha political boss Tom Dennison ended in 1933. For more than thirty-five years, he controlled gambling, drinking, prostitution and other criminal interests throughout Omaha, particularly in his seedy
World War II
In 1945 the
That same year a Japanese
Civil Rights Movement Era
Transformative Era: 1950 to 1999
In 1950, the
In 1955 the Omaha Cardinals joined the AAA
By the 1960s, the Omaha Stockyards had become the world's largest livestock processing center. They surpassed Chicago's Union Stock Yards in the late 1950s. Organized labor's hard won gains came undone as the industry restructured in the 1980s and 1990s. Improved truck and boxcar refrigeration capabilities encouraged the slaughtering process to move closer to feedlots. Plants were moved to rural areas and hired non-union labor. All centralized stockyard activity declined and the Omaha Stockyards were closed in 1999. New generations of immigrants are employed in meatpacking; now they are mostly Hispanic from Mexico, and Central and South America.
Weather was severe in 1975. In January, the city was paralyzed by a devastating
that ripped through neighborhoods along 72nd Street on May 6, 1975, killing 3 and injuring 133. In terms of damage, it was the most costly tornado in American history to that date, with damage estimates between $250 million and $500 million.In 1988 Omaha demolished a downtown district of brick warehouses called Jobbers Canyon, listed in the
New Era: 2000 to present
On August 20, 2001, Nebraska Methodist Health Systems demolished the Indian Hills Theater, a "super-Cinerama" movie theater containing the largest indoor screen of its type in the world. The location of the Indian Hills Theater now serves as a parking lot.
The downtown area has experienced a resurgence in the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, with several billion dollars of new construction. The new developments include the
On Wednesday, December 5, 2007, a mass shooting occurred at the Von Maur department store in the Westroads Mall in Omaha. Nineteen-year-old Robert A. Hawkins killed nine people (including himself) and wounded four, two of them critically.[17] It was the deadliest mass murder in Nebraska since the rampage of Charles Starkweather in 1958.[18]
On Thursday, October 1, 2015,
Historic Landmarks
Omaha has designated numerous historic structures and sites as city landmarks, including some that date from before the city's founding. Some sites are also recognized as of national importance and listed on the
Fates of historic sites
The oldest historic sites in Omaha are located in the
From the 1950s through the 1980s, Omaha's
The
The
In 1938 the federal government built the
The
The Ak-Sar-Ben horse racing track was built in 1920, and the arena was constructed in 1929. Horse racing ended there in 1995. Everything on the site, including buildings and the grandstands, was demolished by 2005. The Indian Hills Theater was an example of late-century architecture in the city that was demolished in recent times. Located at 78th and Dodge Streets, it was built in 1962 as the largest and last Super-Cinerama in the U.S.
Historic neighborhoods of Omaha
Historic neighborhoods in Omaha alphabetical order | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Founded | Location | Notes | ||
Bemis Park
|
North of Cuming between North 34th and Lincoln Boulevard | An upscale development designed to offer local doctors and teachers a nice place to live. | |||
Benson | 1887 | North-central Omaha near 60th and Maple Streets | Home to Krug Park from 1900 to 1930s, which was the location of the nation's worst roller coaster disaster.
| ||
Boys Town | 1917 | Near 132nd and Dodge Streets | This incorporated village is the famous institution which originally bore the same name.
| ||
Brown Park | The neighborhood was once home to much of Omaha's Mexican and Czech communities.[21][22] | ||||
Casey's Row | A small neighborhood of Black porters who worked for the local railroads.[23] | ||||
Chinatown | 1910s | Formerly situated in the vicinity of 12th and Douglas Streets. | Centering on the On Leong Tong based at 111 North 12th, another institution was King Fong's Cantonese at 315 South 16th Street that was opened in 1921 by Gin Ah Chin with elaborate furnishings imported from Hong Kong. | ||
Country Club | 1925 | 50th to 56th Streets, from Corby to Seward Streets | Added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.[24] | ||
Dog Hollow | |||||
Dundee
|
1880 | Near 50th and Dodge Streets. | Annexed by Omaha in 1915, which was fought until 1917. | ||
East Omaha | 1854 | East of Florence Boulevard, north of Locust Street, south and west of the Missouri River. | The first annexation to the city in 1854 and home to Omaha's Carter Lake Park. | ||
Field Club
|
|||||
Florence
|
1846 | The original Winter Quarters predates the city of Omaha. A temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is now located at Winter Quarters .
| |||
Gold Coast | |||||
Old Gold Coast
|
|||||
Gophertown | Before the city of Omaha extended north beyond Lake Street, mostly Irish settlers inhabited an area known as Gophertown, located north of Saratoga and south of Florence.[25] | ||||
Greek Town
|
Located in the heart of South Omaha. | ||||
Keystone | N.72nd to N.90th, Maple st to Fort/Military Rd | Keystone Trail starts at Democracy Park in Keystone which runs across the City. | |||
Kountze Place | 1883 | A suburban development for affluent business owners from the city; once reachable only via streetcar. | |||
Little Bohemia | South of downtown and west of Little Italy | The location of many Czech immigrants in Omaha in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. | |||
Little Italy
|
South of downtown, east of Little Bohemia. | Located next to Little Bohemia. | |||
Little Poland | |||||
Midtown
|
|||||
Miller Park | 1899 | Developed around the turn of the 20th century after losing the opportunity to host the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition. | |||
Minne Lusa | 1916 | Located south of the Minne Lusa Water Works. | |||
Morton Meadows | |||||
Near North Side
|
Cuming Street on the south, Locust Street on the north, 14th Avenue on the east and the North Freeway on the west.
|
Located immediately north of downtown. It was once a deeply integrated community, with ethnic, racial and socioeconomic mixing. From approximately 1920 through the 1950s, it boasted a booming African American cultural scene.
| |||
North Omaha | A racially diverse area north of downtown Omaha with a rich architectural , and religious legacy.
| ||||
Old Market | A district in downtown Omaha that historically housed Omaha's fresh food vendors and warehousing district. | ||||
Saratoga
|
1856 | N. 24th and Ames Avenue | A school, library, and homes once occupied this boom and bust town.[26]
| ||
Sheelytown
|
South Omaha | Primarily Irish immigrant neighborhood; Eastern European immigrants also settled there. | |||
South Omaha | Formerly a separate city, it was annexed into Omaha in 1915. Area of European immigrant settlement. More recently, area of Hispanic immigrant and descendant settlement. | ||||
S. 24th Street | |||||
Scriptown | An area of lots given away to Nebraska Territory legislators who consistently voted to keep Omaha the capitol.[27] | ||||
Sporting District
|
Tom Dennison used to operate his prostitution, gambling and bootlegging operations. | ||||
Squatter's Row | An area between North 11th and North 13th Streets, from Nicholas to Locust Streets, behind the squatters.[23]
|
See also
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Douglas County
- Founding figures of Omaha, Nebraska
- History of North Omaha, Nebraska
- Timeline of North Omaha, Nebraska history
- Notable natives of Omaha, Nebraska
- Timeline of Racial Tension in Omaha, Nebraska
- Civil Rights Movement in Omaha, Nebraska
- Racial Tension in Omaha, Nebraska
- Douglas County Historical Society
- Washington County Historical Association
References
- ^ Matthews, J.J. (1961) The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters. University of Oklahoma Press. Pages 110, 128, 140, 282
- ^ a b (2007) "History at a glance" Archived 2008-10-29 at the Wayback Machine, Douglas County Historical Society. Retrieved 2/2/08.
- ^ Gilman, D.C., Peck, H.T. and Colby, F.M. () The New International Encyclopædia. p 348.
- ^ Federal Writers' Project Staff (1939) Nebraska: A guide to the Cornhusker state. Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of Nebraska. p. 222
- ^ (n.d.) Multiethnic Guide. Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine Greater Omaha Economic Partnership.
- ^ Reeves, R. (n.d.) Douglas County History University of Nebraska.
- ^ Douglas County. Andreas' history of Nebraska. Retrieved 8/11/07.
- ^ Bristow, D. (1997) A Dirty, Wicked Town: Tale of 19th Century Omaha. Caxton Press.
- ^ Bristow, D. (2002)
- ^ David B. Dittmer, “Frederick Cohn: Omaha’s Reform Rabbi, 1904–1940,” Western States Jewish History, 45 (Spring 2013), 215–32.
- ^ Larsen, L.C. and Cotrell, B.J. (1997) The Gate City: A History of Omaha. University of Nebraska Press. p 144.
- ^ Nebraska Writers Project (1938) The Negroes of Nebraska, Works Progress Administration.
- ^ (1993) A History of UNO Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. The University of Nebraska at Omaha. Retrieved 5/29/07.
- ^ (2004) "Omaha Was Bombed During WWII: Keeping Secret Was Some People's Effort To Help War," Archived 2007-07-12 at the Wayback Machine KETV.com. 7/14/07. Retrieved 7/7/07.
- ^ (nd) Dundee Bombing. HistoricOmaha.com. Retrieved 7/7/07.
- ^ Service, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Weather. "Omaha/Valley, NE". www.crh.noaa.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Omaha Mall, Scene Of Mass Killing, Reopens". CBS News. 2007-12-08. Retrieved 2007-12-09.
- ^ "Omaha's Deadliest Hour: 19-year-old man kills eight and himself at Westroads Mall". Omaha World Herald. 2007-12-05. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2007-12-05.
- ^ "After 'agonizing debate,' ConAgra moving HQ to Chicago, cutting 1,000 Omaha jobs". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ "With ConAgra's headquarters moving, what happens to the riverfront campus?". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ Thiele, S., Jordan, T.E., Lopez, D.A., et al. (2001) The Latino Experience in Omaha. E. Mellen Press. p 14.
- Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 5/10/08.
- ^ Nebraska State Historical Society. p 243.
- ^ National Register of Historic Places in Douglas County, Nebraska. Retrieved 5/20/07.
- ^ Barstow, D. (2002) A Dirty Town. Caxton Press. p 44.
- ^ A Picture History of Omaha's Saratoga Neighborhood by Adam Fletcher Sasse. NorthOmahaHistory.com. March 31, 2024.
- ^ Roenfeld, R. (nd) Sam Bayliss on Broadway Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. The Historical Society of Pottawattamie County, Iowa. Retrieved 6/7/07.
Further reading
- Fletcher Sasse, Adam (2016). North Omaha History. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781533361981.
- Larsen, Lawrence H. (1997). The Gate City: A History of Omaha. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803279671.
- Larsen, Lawrence H. (2007). Upstream Metropolis: An Urban Biography of Omaha and Council Bluffs. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803206021.
- Menard, Orville D. (1989). River City Empire: Tom Dennison's Omaha. Lincoln. )
External links
- Historic photos
- Andreas' History of Nebraska
- "Douglas County Historical Society"
- Early History of Omaha by former mayor Alfred Sorenson.
- "Early Omaha: Gateway to the West" by the Omaha Public Library.
- Ford Conservation Center[usurped] of the Nebraska State Historical Society.
- Historic Florence Florence Futures Foundation website.
- Mardos Memorial Library featuring Douglas County history.
- Old Nebraska News.
- "Project Omaha" at Omaha South High School from the Internet Archive.
- Sarpy County Historical Museum website.
- Nebraska State Historical Society[usurped] website.
- Brief History of Omaha, Nebraska
- WPA Omaha, Nebraska City Guide Project by the University of Nebraska Omaha Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library
- North Omaha History website.
- Reconnaissance Survey of Downtown and Columbus Park Omaha - Nebraska State Historical Society, August 2011