History of Ternopil

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The history of Ternopil describes the history of the city of Ternopil, located in modern day Ukraine.

History

Historical affiliations

 Kingdom of Poland 1540–1569
 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772
 Austrian Habsburg Monarchy 1772–1809
 Russian Empire 1809–1815
 Austrian Empire 1815–1867
 Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918
 West Ukr. People's Republic 1918–1919
 Ukrainian People's Republic 1919–1920
 Second Polish Republic 1920–1920
 

Galician SSR
) 1920–1920
 Second Polish Republic 1920–1939
 
Ukrainian SSR
) 1939–1941
 German Third Reich 1941–1944
 
Ukrainian SSR
) 1944–1991
 Ukraine 1991–present

Jan Amor Tarnowski
.
City's first church, Exaltation of Cross Church

The city was founded in 1540 by Polish commander and

Tarnowski family surname, originating from the city of Tarnów (and thus the Ukrainian name "Ternopil"), is explained as derived from a field covered with thorns[2] (Ukrainian: терен поле, romanized: teren pole, lit. 'thorn field'). The city's coat of arms is based on the Tarnowski family Leliwa coat of arms
.

In 1544, the

House of Czartoryski).[1] After the death of the Crown Hetman in 1561, Tarnopol became the property of his son Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski,[1] who died childless in 1567. Since then, the city was owned by the daughter of Crown Hetman Zofia Tarnowska who was married to Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski.[1] In 1570, she died in childbirth, and Tarnopol was passed to the Ostrogski family.[1] In 1575 it was plundered by the Tatars. In 1623 the city passed to the Zamoyski family. In 1589 Tarnopol was visited by the Austrian diplomat Erich Lassota von Steblau [de] who also mentioned the city's castle.[1]

The Ternopil Castle, rebuilt in the 19th century as a palace.

With the ongoing 1648–1654 Khmelnytsky Uprising, many residents of the city joined the ranks of the Khmelnytsky forces particularly during the 1649 Siege of Zbarazh that is located just 20 km (12 mi).[4] In September 1655 the united army of Muscovite and Ukrainian Cossack forces occupied Ternopil among other cities as it was moving towards Lwów (Lviv).[4]

During the

Confederation of Bar (1768–1772) by the confederates, the king's army, and by the Russians. In 1770 it was devastated by an outbreak of smallpox.[4]

In 1772, after the

Lemberg in Austria-Hungary
, accelerating the city's growth. At that time Tarnopol had a population of about 25,000.

20th Century

The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary (former Dominican Church).
The Church of St. Mary of the Perpetual Assistance was demolished after World War II.

The region was part of

Riga treaty
, the Soviets and Poles effectively partitioned Ukraine. For the next 19 years, the ethnically mixed Ternopol area remained in Polish control.

After Poland established control over the West Ukrainian People's Republic, the Polish government started political repressions against ethnic Ukrainians, which culminated in the Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia in 1930.

From 1922 to September 1939, Tarnopol served as the capital of the

Polish census of 1931, individuals speaking Ukrainian/Ruthenian accounted for 46% of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while Polish speaking population consisted of 49%.[6] The city itself consisted of 77.7% Poles, 14.0% Jewish and 8.05% Ukrainian/Ruthenian population. After World War II, Communist Party historians reported that Edward Szturm de Sztrem, the pre-war chairman of the Polish census statistical office, admitted that the census returns, particularly those from the south-east, had been altered at the executive level.[7] Another account stated that he admitted "that officials had been directed to undercount minorities, especially those in the eastern provinces".[8]

World War II

Tarnopol Voivodeship.

At the onset of World War II, the Soviet invasion of Poland began on September 17, 1939. The Red Army entered eastern Poland in furtherance of the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and contrary to the Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Tarnopol was captured, renamed Ternopol (in Russian) or Ternopil (in Ukrainian), and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under Ternopol Oblast. The Soviets made it their first priority to decimate the Polish intelligentsia and destroy Ukrainian political movements. Ukrainian nationalist leaders were imprisoned. Mass arrests, torture, and executions of Ukrainians, Poles and Jews followed. The Soviets also carried out mass deportations of "enemies of the working class" to Kazakhstan. In practice, this translated into members of the former state administration, police, border service, and land and business owners, Christians and Jews alike.[9]

On 2 July 1941, the city was occupied by the Nazis who immediately led a Jewish pogrom,

forced labour
to Germany.

In the years 1942–1943, the Polish

People's Army of Poland as well as the Soviets), following Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state proclaimed in Lviv
on 30 June 1941.

During the Soviet offensive in March and April 1944, the city was encircled. In March 1944, the city was declared a fortified place (Gates to the Reich) by Adolf Hitler,[1] to be defended until the last round was fired.[1] The stiff German resistance caused extensive use of heavy artillery by the Red Army on March 7–8,[1] resulting in the complete destruction of the city and killing of nearly all German occupants (55 survivors out of 4,500). Unlike many other occasions, where the Germans had practised a scorched earth policy during their withdrawal from territories of the Soviet Union, the devastation was caused directly by the hostilities.[12] Finally, Ternopol was occupied by the Red Army on 15 April 1944. After the second Soviet occupation, 85% of the city's living quarters were destroyed.[1] Due to heavy destruction, the regional seat was moved to Chortkiv.[1]

From 1944 to 1949 (active) and 1949–1956 (localized), the Ukrainian Insurgent Army resisted Soviet rule in the region and fought for Ukraine's independence.

Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, the ethnic Polish population of Ternopil and its region was

Soviet Ukraine.[13]
In the following decades, Ternopil was rebuilt in a typical Soviet style and only a few buildings were reconstructed.

Jewish Ternopil

Tarnopol Synagogue prior to destruction during World War II.

Polish Jews settled in Ternopil beginning at its founding and soon formed a majority of the population. During the 16th and 17th centuries there were 300 Jewish families in the city. The Great Synagogue of Ternopil was built in Gothic Survival style between 1622 and 1628.[14]

After the

Samuel Judah Löb Rapoport, was forced to withdraw. This dispute also was eventually settled in favour of the Maskilim. As of 1905, the Jewish community numbered 14,000 in a total population of 30,415. Jews took an active role in the import/export trade with Russia conducted through the border city of Pidvolochysk. In 1939, the Jewish population was 18,500.[15]

The Holocaust

Tarnopol Jewry memorial at Kiriat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv

In 1941, soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, 2,000 Jews were killed in a pogrom.[9]

In September 1941, the Germans announced the creation of the Tarnopol Ghetto for Jews still remaining in the city. In the winter of 1941–42, mortality in the ghetto escalated to such a degree that the Judenrat was forced to bury the dead in a common grave. Between August 1942 to June 1943 there were 5 "selections" that depleted the Jewish population of the ghetto by sending the Jews to Belzec extermination camp. A few hundred Jews from Tarnopol and its vicinity attempted to survive by hiding within the town limits. Many were denounced to the Germans, including some 200 people shortly before the Soviets established control over the area. A number of Jews survived by hiding with Ukrainians and Poles.[16] A monument in memory of the Holocaust victims was built at Petrikovsky Yar in 1996.[17] On September 19, 2012, the monument was desecrated, in what seems to be an anti-Semitic act.[17]

After World War II

Euromaidan in Ternopil, December 2013

Following

fall of the Soviet Union, Ternopil has become part of the independent Ukraine
.

In 2013, the mayor of the city Serhiy Nadal issued an order which announced the 2013 year as the year of Jan Tarnowski, the Crown Hetman and Voivode.[18] In 2015, the National Bank of Ukraine released jubilee coins commemorating the founder of Ternopil Jan Tarnowski.

Until 18 July 2020, Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Ternopil Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[19][20]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Snitovsky, O. Five centuries of Ternopil. The city of Hetman Jan and mason Leontiy[permanent dead link]. Ukrinform. 28 August 2015
  2. ^ a b Olszański, Tadeusz A. (2013). "Kresy Zachodnie. Miejsce Galicji Wschodniej i Wołynia w państwie ukraińskim" (PDF). Prace OSW (in Polish). Centre for Eastern Studies. pp. 25–26.
  3. ^ Karpluk, Maria (1993). Mowa naszych przodków: podstawowe wiadomości z historii języka polskiego do końca XVIII w (in Polish). TMJP. p. 46.
  4. ^ a b c Establishment and development of the Ternopil city (Виникнення і розвиток міста Тернопіль).
  5. ^ a b The Jewish and German population accepted the new Ukrainian state, but the Poles started the
    ISBN 966-504-237-8
    (t. 3).
  6. ^ "Główny Urząd Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, drugi powszechny spis ludności z dn. 9.XII 1931 r. – Mieszkania i gospodarstwa dome ludność, Wojewodztwo Tarnopolskie" [Central Statistical Office the Polish Republic, the second census dated 9.XII 1931 – Abodes and household populace, Voivodeship Tarnopol] (PDF, direct download, table: page 30) (in Polish). Central Statistical office of the Polish Republic. 1938.
  7. ISBN 978-90-279-3239-6
    . Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  8. ISBN 0-8131-3041-7
    . Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  9. ^ a b c d Robert Kuwałek; Eugeniusz Riadczenko; Adam Dylewski; Justyna Filochowska; Michał Czajka (2015). "Tarnopol". Historia – Społeczność żydowska przed 1989 (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). pp. 3–4 of 5. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  10. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
    .
  12. ISBN 978-3-421-06235-2. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  13. ISBN 83-86842-56-3
    .
  14. ^ Sergey R. Kravtsov, "Gothic Survival in Synagogue Architecture of Ruthenia, Podolia and Volhynia in the 17th–18th Centuries," Architectura. Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Baukunst/ Journal of the History of Architecture, vol. 1 (2005), 70.
  15. ^ "The Jewish Community of Tarnopol". Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
  16. ^ "Tarnopol Historical Background". Yad Vashem. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  17. ^ a b В Тернополе осквернили памятник жертвам Холокоста (in Russian). Евроазиатский Еврейский Конгресс. 2012-09-25. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  18. ^ Larysa Osadchuk. The year of 2013 in Ternopil was pronounced as the year of the city's founder (2013–й у Тернополі проголошений роком засновника міста). Newspaper "Den". 14 January 2013
  19. ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  20. ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020.
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