Ternopil Oblast

Coordinates: 49°33′21″N 25°35′33″E / 49.55583°N 25.59250°E / 49.55583; 25.59250
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Ternopil Oblast
Тернопільська область
Oblast
Ternopilska oblast[1]
Flag of Ternopil Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Ternopil Oblast
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
Тернопілля (Ternopillia), Тернопільщина (Ternopilshchyna), Галичина (Halychyna)
UP22
NUTS statistical regions of UkraineUA52
Websitewww.adm.gov.te.ua

Ternopil Oblast (

administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester. Population: 1,021,713 (2022 estimate).[3]

One of the natural wonders of the region are its cave complexes.[6] Although Ternopil Oblast is among the smallest regions in Ukraine, over 100 caves have been discovered there.[6] Scientists believe these are only 20% of all possible caves in the region.[6] The biggest cave is Optymistychna Cave.[6] Measuring 267 km (166 mi) in total length, it is the longest cave in Eurasia and the fifth-longest in the world.[6] Twenty percent of the land in the region is chernozem soil.[6]

Among its attractions, Ternopil Oblast has 34 castles.[6] By at least one account, the most prominent is the Zbarazh Castle with fortifications that expand over 16 ha (40 acres) and was the center of a 17th-century standoff between troops of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[6] The Dniester Canyon passes through the oblast; it is considered one of the wonders of Ukraine, stretching for 250 km (160 mi).[6]

Geography

The oblast is located in

Podilian Upland, which is known for its rocky terrain. Among noticeable mountains there are the Kremenets Mountains
. The oblast is also famous for its caves.

One of the major rivers in the country

Seret) is a left tributary of the Dniester flowing through the oblast administrative center, i.e. Ternopil
.

Ternopil Oblast is one of two oblasts in

West Ukraine that do not have an international border. It is surrounded by five other oblasts of Ukraine: Chernivtsi Oblast – to the south, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast – to the southwest, Lviv Oblast – to the northwest, Rivne Oblast – to the north, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast
– to the east.

History

Ternopil region until 1939

Historic administrative affiliation of the area:

From the 12th century the area belonged to Galicia–Volhynia until Galicia–Volhynia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th century.

In 1569 Poland and Lithuania united into the

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
.

From the

Napoleonic wars the area around Ternopil was annexed by Russia in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn becoming the Tarnopolsky Krai [de; pl; ru; uk]; it was ceded back to Austria in 1815 (Congress of Vienna). The Tarnopolsky Krai roughly covered the eastern two-thirds of the post-2022 Ternopil Raion and the Chortkiv Raion up to the Strypa
; in pre-2020 terms it corresponded with the cities of Ternopil and Chortkiv and the Borshchiv, Chortkiv, Husiatyn, Pidvolochysk, Terebovlia, Ternopil and Zalishchyky raions, the southern half of Zbarazh raion, the eastern and northern parts of Buchach raion and some eastern parts of Zboriv and Kozova raions.

From 1917 the formerly Russian part came under the

Ukrainian SSR from March 1919); from 1918 the formerly Austrian part was controlled by the West Ukrainian People's Republic (nominally part of the Ukrainian People's Republic from 22 January 1919) but ultimately the whole area fell to the Second Polish Republic in 1921 following the Ukrainian War of Independence, Polish–Ukrainian War and Polish–Soviet War. The formerly Austrian parts became part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship, while the formerly Russian parts became part of the Volhynian Voivodeship, specifically the Krzemieniec county [pl; uk]. The southern pre-2020 raions of Ternopil Oblast were partially coterminous with Galicia and Lodomeria's districts/counties
and Interwar Poland's counties.

Kingdom of Galicia, administrative, 1914
Raions of Ternopil Oblast (until 2020) Equivalent districts/counties of Galicia and Lodomeria
Berezhany Raion Western part of
Brzeżany county.
Borshchiv Raion Borszczów
Buchach Raion Buczacz county
Chortkiv Raion Czortków and the southern part
of Kopychyntsi county
Husiatyn Raion Kopychyntsi
Kozova Raion Eastern part of Brzeżany county
except for the city of Brzeżany itself.
Monastyryska Raion Western part of Buczacz county.
Pidhaitsi Raion Western part of Podhajce county.
Pidvolochysk Raion Skalat county and the
eastern part of Zbaraż county
Terebovlia Raion Trembowla county in the east and
Podhajce county in the west.
Ternopil Raion Tarnopol county
Zalishchyky Raion Zalishchyky
Zbarazh Raion The western part of Zbaraż county
and the southern part of Brody county.
Zboriv Raion Zborów county

The oblast was created during the

West Ukraine was abolished and replaced with the existing Soviet administrative division oblast. Ternopil Oblast (originally Tarnopol Oblast) was established based mostly on the Tarnopol Voivodeship and southern portions of the Volhynian Voivodeship
.

During the invasion of the Soviet Union by

Lviv oblast
. After 1945 Soviet authorities also encouraged ethnic Russians to settle in territories newly annexed to the Soviet Union, including the Ternopil oblast, though western Ukraine remained considerably less Russian than eastern Ukraine.

As Ukraine achieved independence in the 1990s, western Ukraine remained the heartland of Ukrainian political and cultural nationalism, and the political affiliations of Ternopil voters reflected that viewpoint. In the first elections after independence, the

All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland" in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election
.

By 2005, the population of the oblast had grown to roughly 225,000, consisting primarily of ethnic Ukrainians with a large Russian or Russian-speaking minority. The city of Ternopil has important institutions of higher education, including two teacher's colleges, an international medical school with instruction in English, and one of three economics institutes in Ukraine.

Pochaiv Monastery

The religion of the majority is

Holocaust and was not reestablished after 1945. There are no active synagogues in the oblast and only a few isolated individuals affiliating with the Jewish faith
.

Points of interest

Vyshnivets Palace
Dzhuryn Waterfall, one of the highest in Ukraine

The oblast is known for its castles and fortresses. Due to the underfunding of the state program for the preservation of cultural heritage, many of objects of historical significance are in poor condition. The following historic-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine.

Population

The estimated population is 1,038,694 (2020 est.)[7]

Ethnic composition

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, ethnic Ukrainians accounted for 97.8% of the population of Ternopil Oblast, and ethnic Russians for 1.2%.[8][9]

Language

See also: Languages of Ukraine
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Ukrainian was the native language for over 98% of Ternopil Oblast's population: it was the dominant language in all of the city, town, and village councils of the oblast.

Ternopil Oblast was one of the few oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR where the share of Ukrainian speakers was increasing despite the Russification of Ukraine carried out in the USSR.[10] Native language of the population of Ternopil Oblast according to the results of population censuses:[11][12][13][14][15][16]

1959 1970 1989 2001
Ukrainian 94.6% 97.1% 97.3% 98.3%
Russian 2.9% 2.6% 2.5% 1.2%
Other 2.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2%

Native language of the population of the raions and cities of Ternopil Oblast according to the 2001 Ukrainian census:[17]

Ukrainian Russian
Ternopil Oblast 98.3% 1.2%
City of Ternopil 94.8% 3.4%
Berezhany Raion 99.3% 0.6%
Borshchiv Raion 99.2% 0.7%
Buchach Raion 99.6% 0.3%
Husiatyn Raion 99.4% 0.4%
Zalishchyky Raion 99.5% 0.5%
Zbarazh Raion 98.3% 1.6%
Zboriv Raion 99.7% 0.2%
Kozova Raion 99.6% 0.3%
Kremenets Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)		 98.7% 1.1%
Lanivtsi Raion 99.2% 0.7%
Monastyryska Raion 99.6% 0.3%
Pidvolochysk Raion 99.5% 0.4%
Pidhaitsi Raion 99.8% 0.1%
Terebovlia Raion 99.4% 0.5%
Ternopil Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)		 99.5% 0.4%
Chortkiv Raion
(in pre-2020 borders)		 98.3% 1.5%
Shumsk Raion 99.4% 0.5%

Ukrainian is the only official language on the whole territory of Ternopil Oblast.[18]

On 6 November 2018, a moratorium on the public use of Russian-language cultural products was imposed in Ternopil Oblast by a decision of the Ternopil Oblast Council.[19]

According to a poll conducted by Rating from 16 November to 10 December 2018 as part of the project «Portraits of Regions», 95% of the residents of Ternopil Oblast believed that the Ukrainian language should be the only state language on the entire territory of Ukraine. 2% believed that Ukrainian should be the only state language, while Russian should be the second official language in some regions of the country. 3% found it difficult to answer.[20]

In 2022, Ternopil Oblast Council approved the «Regional Programme for the Development and Functioning of the Ukrainian Language in the Ternopil Oblast for 2023—2027», the main objectives of which are to strengthen the positions of the Ukrainian language in various spheres of public life in the oblast and to Ukrainianize the refugees from other regions of Ukraine.[21][22]

According to the research of the Content Analysis Centre, conducted from 15 August to 15 September 2024, the topic of which was the ratio of Ukrainian and Russian languages in the Ukrainian segment of social media, 94.6% of posts from Ternopil Oblast were written in Ukrainian (92.0% in 2023, 85.8% in 2022, 49.5% in 2020), while 5.4% were written in Russian (8.0% in 2023, 14.2% in 2022, 50.5% in 2020).[23][24]

After Ukraine declared independence in 1991, Ternopil Oblast, as well as Ukraine as a whole, experienced a gradual Ukrainization of the education system, which had been Russified[25] during the Soviet era. Dynamics of the ratio of the languages of instruction in general secondary education institutions in Ternopil Oblast:[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]

Language of instruction,
% of pupils		 1991—
1992		 1992—
1993		 1993—
1994		 1994—
1995		 1995—
1996		 2000—
2001		 2005—
2006		 2007—
2008		 2010—
2011		 2012—
2013		 2015—
2016		 2018—
2019		 2021—
2022		 2022—
2023
Ukrainian 97.6% 98.0% 98.4% 98.7% 99.0% 99.7% 99.8% 99.9% 99.9% 99.9% 99.9% 99.9% 100.0% 100.0%
Russian 2.4% 2.0% 1.6% 1.3% 1.0% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% — —

According to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, in the 2023—2024 school year, all 105,619 pupils in general secondary education institutions in Ternopil Oblast were studying in classes where Ukrainian was the language of instruction.[33]

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.7% Increase (male 86,309/female 81,940)
15-64 years: 69.0% Steady (male 360,305/female 381,271)
65 years and over: 15.3% Decrease (male 53,364/female 110,887) (2013 official)

Median age

total: 38.6 years Increase
male: 35.8 years Increase
female: 41.4 years Increase (2013 official)

Economy and transportation

Bridge near Terebovlia

The economy is predominantly agriculturally oriented. Among industries, there is a well developed food industry particularly sugar production, alcohol, and dairy (such as butter). There is also number of factories such as "Vatra" (lighting equipment), Ternopil Harvester Plant, "Orion" (radio communication) among a few.

Ternopil Oblast has an adequate network of highways, while the city of

Dniester River
.

Subdivisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Ternopil Oblast
Map of Ternopil Oblast after July 2020
Map of Ternopil Oblast before July 2020

After 18 July 2020

# Name Center Year Area
(km2)		 Population Hromadas Populated place
City Town Village
1 Kremenets Kremenets 144,7 8 4 1
2 Ternopil Ternopil 566,9 25 7 6
3 Chortkiv Chortkiv 334,3 22 7 9

Before 18 July 2020 Before the 2020 administrative reform, Ternopil Oblast was administratively subdivided into 17 raions (districts), as well as 1 city (municipality) which is directly subordinate to the oblast government: Ternopil, the administrative center of the oblast. The average area of a raion was around 808 km2 (312 sq mi), the biggest one was Terebovlia Raion covering 1,130 km2 (440 sq mi) and the smallest one - Pidhaitsi Raion with 496 km2 (192 sq mi). The average population number was around 50.6 thousands which is just below the national average.

Raions of the Ternopil Oblast
In English In Ukrainian Administrative Center
Berezhany Raion Бережанський район
Berezhanskyi raion 		Berezhany
(City)
Borshchiv Raion Борщівський район
Borshchivskyi raion 		Borshchiv
(City)
Buchach Raion Бучацький район
Buchatskyi raion 		Buchach
(City)
Chortkiv Raion Чортківський район
Chortkivskyi raion 		Chortkiv
(City)
Husiatyn Raion Гусятинський район
Husiatynskyi raion 		Husiatyn
(Urban-type settlement)
Kozova Raion Козівський район
Kozivskyi raion 		Kozova
(Urban-type settlement)
Kremenets Raion Кременецький район
Kremenetskyi raion 		Kremenets
(City)
Lanivtsi Raion Лановецький район
Lanovetskyi raion 		Lanivtsi
(City)
Monastyryska Raion Монастириський район
Monastyryskyi raion 		Monastyryska
(City)
Pidhaitsi Raion Підгаєцький район
Pidhayetskyi raion 		Pidhaitsi
(City)
Pidvolochysk Raion Підволочиський район
Pidvolochyskyi raion 		Pidvolochysk
(Urban-type settlement)
Shumsk Raion Шумський район
Shumskyi raion 		Shumsk
(City)
Terebovlia Raion Теребовлянський район
Terebovlanskyi raion 		Terebovlia
(City)
Ternopil Raion Тернопільський район
Ternopilskyi raion 		Ternopil
(City)
Zalishchyky Raion Заліщицький район
Zalishchytskyi raion 		Zalishchyky
(City)
Zbarazh Raion Збаразький район
Zbarazkyi raion 		Zbarazh
(City)
Zboriv Raion Зборівський район
Zborivskyi raion 		Zboriv
(City)

Notable people

In town of Buchach was born a Nobel Prize recipient, writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon.[6] The prize was given for works about fate of Galician Jews.[6] Agnon worked for a Lviv newspaper, but after refusal to serve in the army he moved to Mandatory Palestine.[6] In Ukraine he published over 70 of his early works.[6]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-966-475-839-7. Retrieved 2020-10-06 – via United Nations Statistics Division
    .
  2. ^ "Zelensky appoints Nehoda as head of Ternopil RSA". Ukrainian national news [uk]. 24 August 2024. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
  4. ^ "Валовии регіональнии продукт".
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Tell about Ukraine. Ternopil Oblast Archived 2020-11-01 at the Wayback Machine. 24 Kanal (youtube).
  7. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2020 року / Population of Ukraine Number of Existing as of January 1, 2020 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2023.
  8. ^ (in Ukrainian) Етнічний склад населення України, 2001 рік
  9. ^ Банк даних, перепис 2001 року
  10. ^ "Динамика численности этнических украинцев в УССР: на основе итогов Всесоюзных переписей населения 1959 г., 1970 г. и 1979 г." (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-29. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
  11. ^ Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1959 года: Украинская ССР, стр. 168—193
  12. ^ Численность и состав населения СССР: по данным Всесоюзной переписи населения 1979 года. Центральное статистическое управление СССР, 1984
  13. ^ Чорний С. Національний склад населення України в ХХ сторіччі (2001)
  14. ^ Итоги Всесоюзной переписи населения 1970 года. Том IV — М., Статистика, 1973
  15. ^ "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001. Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  16. ^ "Перепис 1989. Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою (0,1)". Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2022-03-19.
  17. ^ "Розподіл населення за національністю та рідною мовою, Тернопільська область". Archived from the original on 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2024-04-05.
  18. ^ "Про забезпечення функціонування української мови як державної" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  19. ^ "На Тернопільщині ввели мораторій на російськомовний продукт". Deutsche Welle (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-04-10. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
  20. ^ "«ПОРТРЕТИ РЕГІОНІВ»: ПІДСУМКИ. Зведені дані, порівняльний аналіз між областями" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Рейтинг. 2018-12-26.
  21. ^ "На Тернопільщині працює програма підтримки розвитку української мови" (in Ukrainian). Телекомпанія TV-4. 2023-03-17.
  22. ^ "Програма розвитку та функціонування української мови у Тернопільській області на 2023–2027 роки" (in Ukrainian).
  23. ^ "Частка дописів українською мовою в соцмережах зросла до 56 %, — Центр контент-аналізу" (in Ukrainian). 2024-10-28.
  24. ^ ""Радикальний прогрес". У соцмережах української стало набагато більше, — дослідження" (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  25. ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934-1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December 1984): 1019-1039.
  26. ^ «Статистичний щорічник України за 1998 рік» — К., 1999. "Джерело". pics.livejournal.com. Retrieved 2024-12-26.
  27. ^ "Збірник «Статистичний щорічник України» за 2008 рік" (in Ukrainian). Державна служба статистики України. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  28. ^ "Збірник «Статистичний щорічник України» за 2012 рік" (in Ukrainian). Державна служба статистики України. Archived from the original on 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  29. ^ "Збірник «Статистичний щорічник України» за 2018 рік" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Державна служба статистики України. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-08-03. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  30. ^ Загальна середня освіта в Україні у 2021 році. Державна служба статистики України (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-07-07. Retrieved 2024-07-07. — Сайт Державної служби статистики України. Державна служба статистики України (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  31. ^ Загальна середня освіта в Україні у 2022 році. Державна служба статистики України (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-26. Retrieved 2024-06-26. — Сайт Державної служби статистики України. Державна служба статистики України (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  32. ^ "Збірник «Статистичний щорічник України» за 2022 рік" (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Державна служба статистики України. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-08-07. Retrieved 2024-08-10.
  33. ^ "Загальна середня освіта в Україні у 2023 році". www.ukrstat.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-01. Retrieved 2024-06-01. — "Сайт Державної служби статистики України". www.ukrstat.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  34. ^ wrestler, football and basketball
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