Hurricane Emilia (1994)

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Hurricane Emilia
Emilia at peak intensity on July 19
Meteorological history
FormedJuly 16, 1994
Remnant lowJuly 25, 1994
DissipatedJuly 27, 1994
Category 5 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Lowest pressure926 mbar (hPa); 27.34 inHg
Overall effects
FatalitiesNone
DamageMinimal
Areas affectedHawaii
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1994 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Emilia was, at the time, the strongest

tropical depression intensified into a tropical storm several hours after tropical cyclogenesis. Subsequently, Emilia entered the Central Pacific Ocean and moved into the area of responsibility of the Central Pacific Hurricane Center
 (CPHC).

After reaching hurricane intensity the following day, the tropical cyclone began to

rapidly intensify, and late on July 19, Emilia reached its record peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 160 mph (260 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 926 mbar (926 hPa; 27.3 inHg), rating it as a Category 5 hurricane. After slight oscillations in strength, an upper-level trough forced the intense hurricane northwest on July 21, and Emilia began to weaken thereafter. The tropical cyclone encountered an area of vertical wind shear and cool sea surface temperatures, which further weakened the system. The following day, Emilia made its closest approach to the Big Island of Hawaii, but subsequently weakened to below hurricane intensity. This weakening trend continued, and the tropical cyclone fully dissipated on July 25. Though the hurricane did not make landfall
, Emilia brought strong surf to the islands of Hawaii and caused gusty winds, which resulted in some property damage. Precipitation was also reported, but remained under moderate levels.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On June 29, a weak

Air Force reconnaissance aircraft measured a minimum central pressure of 926 millibars (27.3 inHg), the lowest pressure ever recorded in a Central Pacific hurricane at that time.[4][nb 1]

Oblique view from orbit

On July 20, Emilia briefly weakened into a Category 4 hurricane, but it was re-upgraded to Category 5 status by the CPHC 12 hours later during the day.[3] Subsequently, Emilia began to weaken for the final time. An upper-level trough in the westerlies caused the cyclone to turn northwest on July 21.[3][4] Emilia moved over progressively cooler waters, and vertical wind shear from the westerlies negatively impacted the hurricane.[3] The central pressure steadily rose to 965 millibars (28.5 inHg), and Emilia diminished into a marginal Category 3 hurricane.[3] On July 22, Emilia continued to weaken, and it passed within 170 mi (270 km) of the Big Island.[4] It was the closest approach to the islands.[4] Later, Emilia's peak winds dropped to 75 mph (121 km/h).[3] Emilia gradually turned west-northwest, and the circulation moved with the trade winds.[4] Emilia weakened into a tropical depression on July 24,[3] and a remnant swirl of stratocumulus clouds was noted.[4] The system dissipated on the same day.[3][5]

Preparations

Initially, forecasts significantly underestimated the intensification of Emilia,

watches or warnings.[3] Nonetheless, a high surf advisory was issued for the south and east coasts of all islands.[8]

Impact and records

Emilia passing to the south of Hawaii on July 22

Despite the storm's offshore nature, swells of 6–10 feet (1.8–3.0 metres) were reported near the

Ka‘ū coasts.[9] Waikiki Beach in Honolulu reported a 5 ft (1.5 m) high surf. Surf was lower along the Kona and Kohala coasts.[3][10] Winds were gusty, causing a few trees to be blown over and branches to be broken. Some minor roof damage was caused by the winds.[3] International observatories and the Keck Telescope on the top of Mauna Kea were forced to close their domes due to the high winds.[11] Rainfall ranged from light to moderate. The storm passed near two National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) weather buoys during its passage through the state. All in all, Hurricane Emilia had mostly minor effects in the Hawaiian Islands.[3]

Emilia is one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record in the Eastern Pacific, with a minimum pressure of 926 mbar (hPa; 27.34 inHg). In the CPHC warning zone, only Gilma, Ioke of 2006, and Walaka of 2018 attained deeper pressures.[2] Emilia was also a Category 5 hurricane for 18 hours, the most ever at the time in the Central Pacific. That record was broken later in the season by Hurricane John.[12]

The storm was the subject of a disagreement between the

Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale (SSHWS). The CPHC reported that Emilia's maximum winds peaked at 140 knots (260 km/h), making it a Category 5 hurricane.[3] However, the NHC considered Emilia to be a high-end Category 4 with maximum winds of 135 knots (250 km/h), in both its "best track"[13] and its preliminary report.[14] During 2008, the NHC upgraded its "best track" to make Emilia a Category 5, although there continues to be a discrepancy in Emilia's duration at Category 5 intensity. The CPHC's data deems Emilia as having regained Category 5 status at 18:00 UTC July 20 and maintaining it for 12 hours, while the NHC's data places Emilia as having maintained Category 4-strength winds of 155 mph (249 km/h) during this period.[2][3]

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Emilia (1994).

Notes

  1. ^ The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) lists Emilia as a Category 5 cyclone, but the National Hurricane Center (NHC) classified Emilia as a strong Category 4 hurricane with 155 mph (249 km/h) sustained winds. However, in 2008, the NHC upgraded the storm into a Category 5 hurricane for 6 hours.[2]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1996)124<1579:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e f National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center (April 4, 2023). "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2022". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Central Pacific Hurricane Center (1994). "The 1994 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Lawrence, Miles (1994). "Hurricane Emilia July 16–25, 1994". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
  5. ^ Blake, Eric S; Gibney, Ethan J; Brown, Daniel P; Mainelli, Michelle; Franklin, James L; Kimberlain, Todd B; Hammer, Gregory R (2009). Tropical Cyclones of the Eastern North Pacific Basin, 1949-2006 (PDF). Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  6. ^ "Hurricane Emilia Discussion Number 11". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  7. ^ "Hurricane Emilia Discussion Number 13". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  8. ^ Larry W. Tarleton (1994-07-21). "Hurricane may pass Hawaii". Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  9. ^ Lawrence, Miles (1994). "Hurricane Emilia Preliminary Report (Page 2)". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  10. ^ Larry W. Tarleton (1994-07-22). "Hurricane Emilia Skirts Hawaiian Islands". Associated Press. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  11. ^ Malcolm W. Browne (1994-07-23). "Fiery comet concludes spectacular displays". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
  12. ^ "8. What hurricanes have been at Category Five status the longest?". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
  13. ^ "EMILIA Tracking information". Unisys. Archived from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2008-11-01.
  14. ^ Lawrence, Miles (1994). "Hurricane Emilia Preliminary Report (Page 3)". NOAA. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
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