Iberian Romance languages
Iberian Romance | |
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Ibero-Romance, Iberian | |
Geographic distribution | Originally Iberian Peninsula and southern France; now worldwide |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | sout3183 (Shifted Iberian) unsh1234 (Aragonese–Mozarabic) |
The Iberian Romance, Ibero-Romance
Evolved from the
In addition to those languages, there are a number of Portuguese-based creole languages and Spanish-based creole languages, for instance Papiamento.
Origins and development
Like all Romance languages,
The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process:
- The Romanization of the local Iberian population.[8]
- The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia, with slight differences depending on location.[9]
- The break up of Ibero-Romance into several dialects.[10]
Ibero-Romance
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- Development of Aragonese is further disputed between the East and West Iberian groups.
- Further development into modern Spanish, Portuguese, Aragonese, Asturleonese, Galician, Catalan (see ) between the fifteenth and twentieth centuries.
Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan
This list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets, especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general. Thus, changes such as Catalan vuit/huit and Portuguese oito vs. Spanish ocho are not shown here, as the change -it- > -ch- is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages.
Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan
Phonetic
- The length difference between r/rr is preserved through phonetic means, so that the second consonant in words such as caro and carro are not the same in any of the three.
- Latin U remains [u] and is not changed to [y].
Semantic
- The Iberian Romance languages all maintain a complete essence-state distinction in the copula (the verb "to be"). The "essence" form (Portuguese and Spanish ser and Catalan ser and ésser) is derived in whole or in part from the Latin sum (the Latin copula), while the "state" form (estar in all three languages) is derived from the Latin stāre ("to stand").
Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese
Phonetic
- The distinction between Latin short -n-, -l- and long -nn-, -ll- was preserved by means of palatalizing -nn-, -ll- to /ɲ, ʎ/, as in Latin annum > Spanish año, Catalan any vs. Latin manum > Spanish mano, Old Calatan man (modern Catalan mà). This also affects some initial L in Catalan. (In most accents of Spanish, original /ʎ/ has become delateralized.)
Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan
Phonetic
- Initial Latin CL/FL/PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian, and become indistinguishable (to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish).
- Final e/o remains (although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese, and some dialects drop final E).
Grammatical
- The synthetic preterite, inherited from earlier stages of Latin, remains the main past tense.
Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish
Phonetic
- Velarized L [ɫ], which existedin Latin, is preserved at the end of syllables, and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages.
- Stressed Latin e/o, both open and closed, is preserved so and does not become a diphthong.
Statuses
Politically (not linguistically), there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages:
- 21 countries, including Spain.[14] Spanish is the fourth-most widely spoken language in the world, with over 570 total million speakers, and the second-most widely spoken native language.[15] It has a number of dialects and varieties.
- Portuguese, official language in nine countries including Portugal and Brazil. After Spanish, Portuguese is the second most widely spoken Romance language in the world with over 250 million speakers, currently ranked seventh by number of native speakers.[16] Various Portuguese dialects exist outside of the European standard spoken in Portugal.
- Balearic.
- Galician-Portuguese. Modern Galician is spoken by around 3.2 million people and is ranked 160th by number of speakers.[21]
Additionally, Asturian (dialect of Asturleonese), although not an official language,[23] is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias. It is one of the Asturleonese dialects along with Mirandese, which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language.[24]
Family tree
This section possibly contains original research. (April 2023) |
The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages. Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group (the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor). Phylogenetically, there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group; for example, some authors consider that East Iberian, also called Occitano-Romance, could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy (or also Franco-Provençal, the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto-Romance). A common conventional geographical grouping is the following:
- East Iberian
- West Iberian
Daggers (†) indicate extinct languages
- Iberian Romance languages
- East Iberian (alternatively classified as Gallo-Romance languages)
- Catalanic
- Occitanic
- West Iberian
- Asturleonese
- Asturian
- Cantabrian
- Extremaduran
- Leonese
- Mirandese
- Castilian
- Galician-Portuguese
- Pyrenean–Mozarabic
- Navarro-Aragonese†
- Mozarabic†
- East Iberian (alternatively classified as Gallo-Romance languages)
See also
- Languages of Iberia
- Barranquenho
References
- Iberian languages is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, which in antiquity included the non-Indo-European Iberian language.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
- ^ "Ibero-Romance". Retrieved 4 October 2017.
- ISBN 978-0-226-66683-9.
- ^ Ethnologue: Statistical Summaries
- ^ Dalby, David (2000). "5=Indo-European phylosector" (PDF). The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Vol. 2. Oxford: Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press.
- ISBN 978-0-87840-854-2.
- ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-01184-6.
- ^ Penny (2002), p. 16
- ^ Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition (2009). "Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian". Retrieved 13 August 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-85359-491-5.
- ISBN 978-90-272-3457-5.
- ISBN 84-249-0073-1.
- ^ "Lengua Española o Castellana". Promotora Española de Lingüística (in Spanish).
- ^ Ethnologue: Table 3. Languages with at least 3 million first-language speakers
- ^ See Ethnologue
- ^ Constitution of Andorra (Article 2.1)
- ^ Bec, Pierre (1973), Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard
- ^ Sumien, Domergue (2006), La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols
- ISBN 978-0-631-21937-8.
- ^ a b Ethnologue
- ISBN 978-0-521-28139-3.
- ^ "La jueza a Fernando González: 'No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le dé la gana'". El Comercio. 12 January 2009.
- ^ See: Euromosaic report