Iberian Romance languages

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Iberian Romance
Ibero-Romance, Iberian
Geographic
distribution
Originally Iberian Peninsula and southern France; now worldwide
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
Subdivisions
Glottologsout3183  (Shifted Iberian)
unsh1234  (Aragonese–Mozarabic)

The Iberian Romance, Ibero-Romance

Occitano-Romance
language groups.

Evolved from the

Gascon.[5]

In addition to those languages, there are a number of Portuguese-based creole languages and Spanish-based creole languages, for instance Papiamento.

Origins and development

Linguistic map of southwestern Europe

Like all Romance languages,

Roman conquest of Hispania
).

The modern Iberian Romance languages were formed roughly through the following process:

  • The Romanization of the local Iberian population.[8]
  • The diversification of Latin spoken in Iberia, with slight differences depending on location.[9]
  • The break up of Ibero-Romance into several dialects.[10]
Ibero-Romance  
 
Asturleonese
  

Asturian (ast)

Leonese (mwl)

Mirandese (mwl)

Old-Castillian
  

Spanish (spa)

 
Galician-Portuguese
  

Portuguese (por)

Galician (glg)

Xalimego
(fax)

Common traits between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan

This list points to common traits of these Iberian subsets, especially when compared to the other Romance languages in general. Thus, changes such as Catalan vuit/huit and Portuguese oito vs. Spanish ocho are not shown here, as the change -it- > -ch- is exclusive to Spanish among the Iberian Romance languages.

Between Portuguese, Spanish and Catalan

Phonetic

  • The length difference between r/rr is preserved through phonetic means, so that the second consonant in words such as caro and carro are not the same in any of the three.
  • Latin U remains [u] and is not changed to [y].

Semantic

Between Spanish and Catalan, but not Portuguese

Phonetic

  • The distinction between Latin short -n-, -l- and long -nn-, -ll- was preserved by means of palatalizing -nn-, -ll- to /ɲ, ʎ/, as in Latin annum > Spanish año, Catalan any vs. Latin manum > Spanish mano, Old Calatan man (modern Catalan ). This also affects some initial L in Catalan. (In most accents of Spanish, original /ʎ/ has become delateralized.)

Between Spanish and Portuguese, but not Catalan

Phonetic

  • Initial Latin CL/FL/PL are palatalized further than in Standard Italian, and become indistinguishable (to CH in Portuguese and LL in Spanish).
  • Final e/o remains (although its pronunciation changed in Portuguese, and some dialects drop final E).

Grammatical

  • The synthetic preterite, inherited from earlier stages of Latin, remains the main past tense.

Between Portuguese and Catalan, but not Spanish

Phonetic

  • Velarized L [ɫ], which
    existed
    in Latin, is preserved at the end of syllables, and was later generalized to all positions in most dialects of both languages.
  • Stressed Latin e/o, both open and closed, is preserved so and does not become a diphthong.

Statuses

Politically (not linguistically), there are four major officially recognised Iberian Romance languages:

Additionally, Asturian (dialect of Asturleonese), although not an official language,[23] is recognised by the autonomous community of Asturias. It is one of the Asturleonese dialects along with Mirandese, which in Portugal holds an official status as a minority language.[24]

Family tree

Ibero-Romance languages around the world
Astur-Leonese

The Iberian Romance languages are a conventional group of Romance languages. Many authors use the term in a geographical sense although they are not necessarily a phylogenetic group (the languages grouped as Iberian Romance may not all directly descend from a common ancestor). Phylogenetically, there is disagreement about what languages should be considered within the Iberian Romance group; for example, some authors consider that East Iberian, also called Occitano-Romance, could be more closely related to languages of northern Italy (or also Franco-Provençal, the langues d'oïl and Rhaeto-Romance). A common conventional geographical grouping is the following:

  • East Iberian
  • West Iberian

Daggers (†) indicate extinct languages

See also

References

  1. Iberian languages is also used as a more inclusive term for all languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, which in antiquity included the non-Indo-European Iberian language
    .
  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). "Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  2. ^ "Ibero-Romance". Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  3. .
  4. ^ Ethnologue: Statistical Summaries
  5. ^ Dalby, David (2000). "5=Indo-European phylosector" (PDF). The Linguasphere register of the world's languages and speech communities. Vol. 2. Oxford: Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press.
  6. .
  7. .
  8. .
  9. ^ Penny (2002), p. 16
  10. ^ Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition (2009). "Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian". Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  11. .
  12. .
  13. .
  14. ^ "Lengua Española o Castellana". Promotora Española de Lingüística (in Spanish).
  15. ^ Ethnologue: Table 3. Languages with at least 3 million first-language speakers
  16. ^ See Ethnologue
  17. ^ Constitution of Andorra (Article 2.1)
  18. ^ Bec, Pierre (1973), Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne, coll. Connaissance des langues, Paris: Picard
  19. ^ Sumien, Domergue (2006), La standardisation pluricentrique de l'occitan: nouvel enjeu sociolinguistique, développement du lexique et de la morphologie, coll. Publications de l'Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols
  20. .
  21. ^ a b Ethnologue
  22. .
  23. ^ "La jueza a Fernando González: 'No puede usted hablar en la lengua que le dé la gana'". El Comercio. 12 January 2009.
  24. ^ See: Euromosaic report

External links