European Portuguese

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
European Portuguese
Portuguese of Portugal
Iberian portuguese
Peninsular Portuguese
Português europeu
Native toPortugal
Native speakers
10 million (2012)[1]
Dialects
Official status
Official language in
 Portugal
Regulated byAcademia das Ciências de Lisboa
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
IETFpt-PT
Dialectical continuum of Iberian Romance languages including European Portuguese and its dialects.[image reference needed]
Sara, a speaker of European Portuguese

European Portuguese (Portuguese: português europeu, pronounced [puɾtuˈɣez ewɾuˈpew]), also known as Portuguese of Portugal (Portuguese: português de Portugal), Iberian Portuguese (Portuguese: português ibérico), and Peninsular Portuguese (Portuguese: português peninsular), refers to the dialects of the Portuguese language spoken in Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Guinea-Bissau. The word "European" was chosen to avoid the clash of "Portuguese Portuguese" ("português português") as opposed to Brazilian Portuguese.

Portuguese is a

syllable-timed
; in this respect it differs even from Brazilian Portuguese.

Phonology

Further information: Portuguese phonology
Oral vowels
Front Central Back
Close i
ɨ
 		u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɐ ɔ
Open a
Nasal vowels
Front Central Back
Close ĩ ũ
Mid ẽ õ
Open ɐ̃
Oral diphthongs
Endpoint
/j/ /w/
Start point /a/ aj aw
/ɐ/ ɐj ɐw
/ɛ/ ɛj ɛw
/e/ ej ew
/i/ iw
/ɔ/ ɔj
/o/ oj ow
/u/ uj
Nasal diphthongs
Endpoint
/j̃/ /w̃/
Start point /ɐ̃/ ɐ̃j̃ ɐ̃w̃
/ẽ/ ẽj̃
/õ/ õj̃
/ũ/ ũj̃

Vowel classification

Portuguese uses

hiatuses
.

European Portuguese possesses quite a wide range of vowel allophones:

  • All vowels are lowered and retracted before /l/.[3]
  • All vowels are raised and advanced before alveolar, palato-alveolar and palatal consonants.[3]
  • Word-finally, /ɨ/ as well as unstressed /u/ and /ɐ/ are voiceless [ɯ̥̽, u̥, ə̥].[3]

The realization of /ɐ/ in this contrast occurs in a limited morphological context, namely in verbal conjugation between the first person plural present and past perfect indicative forms of verbs such as pensamos ('we think') and pensámos ('we thought').[4][5] proposes that it is a kind of crasis rather than phonemic distinction of /a/ and /ɐ/. It means that in falamos 'we speak' there is the expected prenasal /a/-raising: [fɐˈlɐmuʃ], while in falámos 'we spoke' there are phonologically two /a/ in crasis: /faˈlaamos/ > [fɐˈlamuʃ]. Close-mid vowels and open-mid vowels (/e ~ ɛ/ and /o ~ ɔ/) contrast only when they are stressed.[6] In unstressed syllables, they occur in complementary distribution.

According to Mateus and d'Andrade (2000:19),[7] in European Portuguese, the stressed [ɐ] only occurs in the following three contexts:

  • Before a palatal consonant (such as telha [ˈtɐʎɐ])
  • Before the palatal front glide (such as lei [ˈlɐj])
  • Before a nasal consonant (such as cama [ˈkɐmɐ])

In

NUTS III, which does not include Setúbal
) /e/ can be centralized [ɐ] before palatal sounds (/j, ɲ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ/); e.g. roupeiro [ʁoˈpɐjɾu], brenha [ˈbɾɐ(ʲ)ɲɐ], texto [ˈtɐ(ʲ)ʃtu], vejo [ˈvɐ(ʲ)ʒu], coelho [kuˈɐ(ʲ)ʎu].

European Portuguese "e caduc"

European Portuguese possesses a

near-close near-back unrounded vowel. It occurs in unstressed syllables such as in pegar [pɯ̽ˈɣaɾ] ('to grip').[3] There is no standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for this sound. The IPA Handbook transcribes it as /ɯ/, but in Portuguese studies /ɨ/ is traditionally used.[8]

There are very few minimal pairs for this sound: some examples include pregar [pɾɨˈɣaɾ] ('to nail') vs. pregar [pɾɛˈɣaɾ] ('to preach'; the latter stemming from earlier preegar < Latin praedicāre),[9] sê [ˈse] ('be!') vs. sé [ˈsɛ] ('see/cathedral') vs. se [sɨ] ('if'), and pêlo [ˈpelu] ('hair') vs. pélo [ˈpɛlu] ('I peel off') vs. pelo [pɨlu] ('for the'),[10] after orthographic changes, all these three words are now spelled pelo.

Geographic variation

Dialect map for European Portuguese.
  Transmontano
  Minhoto
  Beirão
  Alentejano
  Alto-Alentejano
  Estremenho
  Açoriano / Micaelense
  Madeirense
  Algarvio
  Portuense

European Portuguese is divided into Northern and Southern varieties. The prestige norms are based on two varieties: that of Coimbra and that of Lisbon.[11]

Phonetically, differences emerge within Continental Portuguese. For example, in northern Portugal, the phonemes /b/ and /v/ are less differentiated than in the rest of the Portuguese speaking world (similar to the other languages of the Iberian peninsula). Also, the original

Portuense, Minhoto, and much of Beirão. Another regionalism can be found in the south and the islands with the use of the gerund
in the present progressive tense rather than the infinitive.

Portuguese is spoken by a significant minority in Andorra and Luxembourg. There are also immigrant communities in France and Germany.

Galician

The Galician language, spoken in the Autonomous Community of Galicia in Spain, is very closely related to Portuguese. There is, as yet, no consensus among writers and linguists on whether Galician and Portuguese are still the same language (in fact they were for many centuries, Galician-Portuguese having developed in the region of the former Roman province of Gallaecia, from the Vulgar Latin that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the Roman Empire) or distinct yet closely related languages.

Galicia has expressed interest in joining the CPLP as an associate observer pending permission from the Spanish government.

Prominence

The Instituto Camões is a Portuguese international institution dedicated to the worldwide promotion of the Portuguese language, Portuguese culture, and international aid, on behalf of the Government of Portugal.

RTP is the Portuguese public television network and also serves as a vehicle for European-Portuguese-providing media content throughout the world. There is a branch of RTP Internacional named RTP África, which serves Lusophone Africa.

In estimating the size of the speech community for European Portuguese, one must take into account the consequences of the Portuguese diaspora: immigrant communities located throughout the world in the Americas, Australia, Europe and Africa.

See also

References

  1. ^ Portuguese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ISBN 9781853597787
    .
  3. ^ a b c d Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  4. doi:10.5433/2237-4876.2004v7n1p165
    .
  5. ^ Spahr (2013:6)
  6. ^ Major (1992:7)
  7. ^ Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000). The Phonology of Portuguese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
  8. ^ "Aprender Português Europeu - Guia de Pronúncia das Vogais" [Learn European Portuguese - Vowel Pronunciation Guide]. european-portuguese.info (in Portuguese).
  9. ^ Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1988). The Romance Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  10. ISBN 972-21-0445-4
    .
  11. ISBN 3-11-012855-1
    .

Works cited

External links

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