Ivan Matteo Lombardo

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Ivan Matteo Lombardo
Minister of Industry and Commerce
In office
23 May 1948 – 7 November 1949
Prime MinisterAlcide De Gasperi
Preceded byRoberto Tremelloni
Succeeded byGiovanni Battista Bertone
Minister of Foreign Trade
In office
27 January 1950 – 5 April 1951
Prime MinisterAlcide De Gasperi
Preceded byGiovanni Battista Bertone
Succeeded byUgo La Malfa
Member of the Constituent Assembly
In office
25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948
ConstituencySingle national constituency
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
8 May 1948 – 24 June 1953
ConstituencySingle national constituency
Personal details
Born(1902-05-22)22 May 1902
Milan, Italy
Died6 February 1980(1980-02-06) (aged 77)
Rome, Italy
Political partyPSI (till 1948)
UdS (1948–1949)
PSU (1949–1951)
PSDI (1951–1980)
Other political
affiliations		UDNR (1960s)

Ivan Matteo Lombardo (22 May 1902 – 6 February 1980) was an Italian politician.

Early life

Lombardo was born in

Italian army, serving in Libya until 1925. He then spent the next twenty years engaged in "activity in trade and export business, market research, [and] management of industrial plants."[1] In 1942 he was involved in reconstituting the PSI, which had been banned by Mussolini 16 years previously. According to his biography on the Historical Archives of the European Union website, he was "very active" during this time in the Italian Resistance.[2]

Political career

Hitherto a discreet industrialist, Lombardo was thrust into the limelight upon being nominated as secretary of the PSI in April 1946. Regarded as an implacable opponent of communism, he was selected for the role (without his knowledge) by the leader of the PSI's right-wing current,

De Gasperi's first government), and he found out about it – with much incredulity and bemusement – only after reading reports on the conference in the American press and receiving congratulatory telegrams from well-wishers.[3][4] He served as secretary for an interim period, and in January 1947 was replaced by Lelio Basso
.

Following the 'Palazzo Barberini split' later that year – which established a new party led by Saragat, the Italian Socialist Workers' Party (Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani; PSLI) – Lombardo chose to remain with the PSI. Indeed, at the 1947 International Socialist Conference in Zurich he even hatched an unsuccessful plan to reunite the two parties, aided by the diplomat Francesco Malfatti and the British

Harry S. Truman Library
in 1964:

Since the [PSI] Convention had decided to join the Communists in the Popular Front, and feature as the fundamental issue for the incoming general elections a staunch opposition to the Marshall Plan, I had no choice but to quit the party, and I formed a group which participated in the election campaign on the same ballot with Saragat's Social Democratic Party [sic]... For many years a large section of the Italian public opinion, which was heavily influenced by Communists, was convinced that the intent of the Marshall Plan was to destroy the industrial and agricultural structure of our society.[7]

Lombardo was secretary of the UdS until June 1949, when he was succeeded by

Member of Parliament at the end of the first legislature in June 1953. Two years later, in 1955, he was appointed as President of the General Committee and of the Board of the National Council for Productivity (CNP) in Rome, and in 1959–60 he served as head of the Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) in Brussels.[1]

Later years

Although he remained a

neo-fascist right, such as Enzo Maria Dantini, Fabio De Felice and Giano Accame, who were attracted to the party by its insistent emphasis on strong, personalised leadership and promises to "remake the state".[9] Although Lombardo was described in contemporary press reports as a founder member of the new party, he seemingly never campaigned on its behalf.[10]

Outside of these domestic intrigues, Lombardo's latter-day political activities mostly focused on his engagement with various international organisations dedicated to the defeat of communism. In the 1960s he argued that Italy was uniquely exposed to the threat of Soviet invasion due to her exposed position in the Mediterranean, describing the country as "a potential bridgehead which could become the passage into Western Europe or the passage into the African continent".[11] He expanded on these themes at a well-publicised conference on 'revolutionary war', organised in May 1965 by the Alberto Pollio Institute for Military Studies at the Parco dei Principi Hotel in Rome, where he presented a paper entitled 'Permanent communist war against the West'.[12] This conference, which was funded through the Institute by the Italian military intelligence agency SIFAR, has since come to be regarded as a foundational moment in the strategia della tenzione ("strategy of tension"), and was attended by several individuals who were later involved in various neo-fascist terror campaigns.[13]

Such interventions, and others besides, have led commentators such as Jeffrey Bale and Massimo Bonanni to define Lombardo, in these final decades, as belonging on the conservative right of the political spectrum.[14][15] Although still an Atlanticist and a pro-European, his associations with extreme-right organisations such as the Salazarist Convergência Occidental were well known in anti-communist circles.[16] In 1997, it was revealed by the would-be plotter and political renegade Edgardo Sogno that, had his attempt at leading a coup d'état in 1974 (the so-called Golpe Bianco, or "White Coup") been successful, he would have installed Lombardo as Minister of Finance in the resulting emergency government, alongside Pacciardi, Accame and other kindred spirits (some of whom, such as the politician and journalist Eugenio Reale, were apparently unaware of what was being proposed in their name).[17]

Death and legacy

Lombardo died in Rome in 1980, aged 77. His body is buried in the Monumental Cemetery of Milan. His collection of papers has since been deposited at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence.[18]

Awards and honours

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy), awarded on 2 June 1955.[19]
Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portugal), awarded on 6 December 1966.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b "Biographical Sketch". Harry S. Truman Library. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  2. ^ (in French) "Lombardo, Ivan Matteo". Historical Archives of the European Union. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  3. ^ Vanni B. Montana, 'Socialist Revival in Italy?', The New Leader, 27 April 1946, p. 9.
  4. ^ (in Italian) Antonio Gambino, Storia del Dopoguerra - Dalla Liberazione al Potere DC (Milan: Laterza, 1981), p. 200.
  5. ISBN 978-3-319-77346-9
  6. ^ 'ITALY: Fateful Day', Time, 22 March 1948.
  7. ^ Philip C. Brooks, "Oral History Interviews with Ivan M. Lombardo", 8 May 1964. Harry S. Truman Library. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  8. ^ Originally described as the Socialist Party – Italian Section of the Socialist International (PS–SIIS), until settling on the PSDI moniker in 1952.
  9. ^ Dantini later became a founder of the 'Nazi-Maoist' Organizzazione Lotta di Popolo (OLP); De Felice, a former Italian Social Movement (Movimento Sociale Italiano; MSI) Deputy and a future associate of the neo-fascist criminologist Aldo Semerari, was the UDNR's chief propagandist from 1967 onwards; while Accame, a journalist, Fascist volunteer during World War II, erstwhile MSI member, and reputed SID agent who professed an admiration for the French OAS, was the editor of the party journal Nuova Repubblica. See Jeffrey Bale, 'The "Black" Terrorist International: Neo-Fascist Paramilitary Networks and the "Strategy of Tension" in Italy, 1968–1974', Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley (1994), pp. 137n, 371, 423.
  10. ^ (in French) Jean D'Hospital, 'EN ITALIE: Des personnalités connues veulent développer le Mouvement pour la Nouvelle République', Le Monde, 26 February 1965, p. 2.
  11. ^ Massimo Bonanni, 'New international policy makers', The International Spectator, 2:3 (1967), p. 200.
  12. ^ (in Italian) Ivan Matteo Lombardo, Guerra comunista permanente contro l'Occidente. Strategia della tensione. Interventi convegno Pollio. Misteri d'Italia.
  13. ^ Philip Willan, Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2002), pp. 40-1.
  14. ^ Bale, '"Black" Terrorist International', p. 369.
  15. ^ Bonanni, 'New international policy makers', p. 200.
  16. ^ Giles Scott-Smith, Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network: Cold War Internationale (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), p. 133.
  17. ^ The newspaper article that aired these revelations described both Lombardo and Accame as 'men of the radical right'. Although a simplification, the fact that Lombardo's activities were conflated with those of Accame, a committed neo-fascist (see footnote nine), is perhaps an indication of how far he had travelled from his socialist roots. See (in Italian) Giovanni Maria Bellu, 'Italia 74, a un passo dal tintinnar di sciabole', La Repubblica, 15 March 1997. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  18. ^ (in Italian) fondo Lombardo Ivan Matteo. SIUSA. Archivi personalità.
  19. ^ (in Italian) web, Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto. "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Quirinale. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  20. ^ (in Portuguese) "CIDADÃOS ESTRANGEIROS AGRACIADOS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas". www.ordens.presidencia.pt. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
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