National Fascist Party
National Fascist Party Partito Nazionale Fascista | |
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Abbreviation | PNF |
Governing body | Grand Council of Fascism |
Duce | Benito Mussolini |
Secretaries | See list |
Founded | 9 November 1921[1][2] |
Dissolved | 27 July 1943[3] |
Preceded by | Fasci Italiani di Combattimento |
Succeeded by | Republican Fascist Party |
Headquarters | Palazzo Braschi, Rome |
Newspaper | Il Popolo d'Italia[4] |
Student wing | Gruppi Universitari Fascisti |
Youth wing | AGF,[5] ONB,[6] GIL[7] |
Women's wing | Fasci Femminili |
Paramilitary wing | Action squads, Blackshirts[8] |
Overseas wing | Fasci all'Estero[9] |
Membership | c.a. 10 million (1930 est.)[10] |
Ideology | Fascism (Italian) |
Political position | Far-right[11][12] |
National affiliation | National Bloc (1921)[13] National List (1924) |
Colours | Black[14] |
Anthem | "Giovinezza" ("Youth")[15] |
Party flag | |
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The National Fascist Party (
The National Fascist Party was rooted in
Fascists promoted a corporatist economic system,[30][31] whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy.[32][33] This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes.[34] Moreover, the PNF strongly advocated autarky.[35][36][37][38]
Italian Fascism, similarly to
The National Fascist Party along with its successor, the Republican Fascist Party, are the only parties whose re-formation is banned by the Constitution of Italy: "It shall be forbidden to reorganize, under any form whatsoever, the dissolved Fascist party."
History
Historical background

After World War I (1914–1918), despite the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) being a full-partner Allied Power against the Central Powers, Italian nationalism claimed Italy was cheated in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919), thus the Allies had impeded Italy's progress to becoming a "Great Power".[44] Thenceforth, the PNF successfully exploited that perceived slight to Italian nationalism in presenting Fascism as best suited for governing the country by successfully claiming that democracy, socialism and liberalism were failed systems.
In 1919 at the
In September 1919, the nationalist response of outraged war hero
Founded in Rome during the Third Fascist Congress on 7–10 November 1921,[48] the National Fascist Party marked the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento had been founded by Mussolini in Milan's Piazza San Sepolcro on 23 March 1919).
The Fascist Party was instrumental in directing and popularising support for Mussolini's ideology. In the early years, groups within the PNF called
March on Rome
On 28 October 1922, Mussolini attempted a

On 24 October 1922, Mussolini declared before 60,000 people at the Fascist Congress in
The march itself was composed of fewer than 30,000 men, but the King in part feared a civil war since the squadristi had already taken control of the Po plain and most of the country, while fascism was no longer seen as a threat to the establishment. Mussolini was asked to form his cabinet on 31 October 1922, while some 25,000 Blackshirts were parading in Rome. Mussolini thus legally reached power in accordance with the
Even though the coup failed in giving power directly to the Fascist Party, it nonetheless resulted in a parallel agreement between Mussolini and King Victor Emmanuel III that made Mussolini the head of the Italian government. On 15 December, the Grand Council of Fascism was founded and it was the supreme organ of the PNF.
Fascist government
After a drastic modification of electoral legislation (the Acerbo Law), the Fascist Party clearly won the highly controversial elections of April 1924. In early 1925, Mussolini dropped all pretense of democracy and set up a total dictatorship. From that point onward, the PNF was effectively the only legally permitted party in the country.[citation needed] This status was formalised by a law passed in 1928 and Italy remained a one-party state until the end of the Fascist regime in 1943. The new laws were strongly criticised by the leader of the Socialist Party Giacomo Matteotti during his speech in Parliament and a few days later Matteotti was kidnapped and killed by fascist blackshirts.

After taking sole power, the Fascist regime began to impose the Fascist ideology and its symbolism throughout the country. Party membership in the PNF became necessary to seek employment or gain government assistance. The
In 1930 came the Youth Fasces of Combat. The 1930s were characterised by the secretary Achille Starace, "faithful" to Mussolini and one of the few fascist secretaries from Southern Italy, who launched a campaign of Fascism in the country made up of a wave of ceremonies and rallies and the creation of organisations which aimed to frame the country and the citizen in all its manifestations (both public and private). To regiment youth movements, Starace brought the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) under the direct control of the PNF and the Youth Fasces that were dissolved and merged into the new Gioventù Italiana del Littorio (GIL).[citation needed]
On 27 May 1933, party membership was declared a basic requirement for public office. On 9 March 1937, it became mandatory if one wanted access to any
On 10 June 1940, from the balcony of
The Fall of Mussolini
On 25 July 1943, following a request from Dino Grandi due to the failure of the war the Grand Council of Fascism overthrew Mussolini by asking the King to resume his full authority in officially removing Mussolini as prime minister, which he did. Mussolini was imprisoned, and the Fascist organizations immediately collapsed and the party was officially banned by Pietro Badoglio's government on 27 July.
After the Nazi-engineered Gran Sasso raid liberated Mussolini in September, the PNF was revived as the Republican Fascist Party (Partito Fascista Repubblicano – PFR; 13 September), as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic (the Salò Republic). Its secretary was Alessandro Pavolini. The PRF did not outlast Mussolini's execution and the disappearance of the Salò state in April 1945, amidst the final Allied offensive in Italy.
Ideology
Italian Fascism was rooted in
Italian Fascism promoted a corporatist economic system whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy.[32] This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes.[34]
Italian Fascism opposed
Nationalism
Italian Fascism is based upon Italian nationalism and in particular seeks to complete what it considers as the incomplete project of
It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the
The Fascist state is a will to power and empire. The Roman tradition is here a powerful force. According to the Doctrine of Fascism, empire is not only territorial or military or mercantile concept, but a spiritual and moral one. One can think of an empire, that is, a nation, which directly or indirectly guides other nations, without the need to conquer a single square kilometre of territory.
— Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)
Fascism emphasised the need for the restoration of the Mazzinian Risorgimento tradition that pursued the unification of Italy, that the Fascists claimed had been left incomplete and abandoned in the Giolittian-era Italy.[57] Fascism sought the incorporation of claimed "unredeemed" territories to Italy.
To the east of Italy, the Fascists claimed that Dalmatia was a land of Italian culture whose Italians, including those of Italianized South Slavic descent, had been driven out of Dalmatia and into exile in Italy and supported the return of Italians of Dalmatian heritage.[58] Mussolini identified Dalmatia as having strong Italian cultural roots for centuries via the Roman Empire and the Republic of Venice.[59] The Fascists especially focused their claims based on the Venetian cultural heritage of Dalmatia, claiming that Venetian rule had been beneficial for all Dalmatians and had been accepted by the Dalmatian population.[59] The Fascists were outraged after World War I, when the agreement between Italy and the Entente Allies in the Treaty of London of 1915 to have Dalmatia join Italy was revoked in 1919.[59]
The Fascist regime supported annexation of Yugoslavia's region of Slovenia into Italy that already held a portion of the Slovene population, whereby Slovenia would become an Italian province,[60] resulting in a quarter of Slovene ethnic territory and approximately 327,000 out of total population of 1.3[61] million Slovenes being subjected to forced Italianization.[62][63]
The Fascist regime supported annexation of
To the west of Italy, the Fascists claimed that the territories of
To the north of Italy, the Fascist regime in the 1930s had designs on the largely Italian-populated region of
To the south, the regime claimed the archipelago of Malta, which had been held by the British since 1800.[81] Mussolini claimed that the Maltese language was a dialect of Italian, and theories about Malta being the cradle of the Latin civilisation were promoted.[81][82] Italian had been widely used in Malta in the literary, scientific and legal fields and it was one of Malta's official languages until 1937, when its status was abolished by the British as a response to Italy's invasion of Ethiopia.[83]
Italian irredentists had claimed that territories on the coast of North Africa were Italy's Fourth Shore and used the historical Roman rule in North Africa as a precedent to justify the incorporation of such territories to Italian jurisdiction as being a "return" of Italy to North Africa.[84] In January 1939, Italy annexed territories in Libya that it considered within Italy's Fourth Shore, with Libya's four coastal provinces of Tripoli, Misurata, Benghazi and Derna becoming an integral part of metropolitan Italy.[85] At the same time, indigenous Libyans were given the ability to apply for "Special Italian Citizenship" which required such people to be literate in the Italian language and confined this type of citizenship to be valid in Libya only.[85]
To the south, the Fascist regime held interest in expanding Italy's African colonial possessions. In the 1920s, Italy regarded Portugal as a weak country that was unbecoming of a colonial power due to its weak hold on its colonies and mismanagement of them and as such Italy desired to annexe Portugal's colonies.[88] Italy's relations with Portugal were influenced by the rise to power of the authoritarian conservative nationalist regime of António de Oliveira Salazar, which borrowed fascist methods, though Salazar upheld Portugal's traditional alliance with Britain.[88]
Totalitarianism
In 1925, the PNF declared that Italy's Fascist state was to be totalitarian.[55] The term "totalitarian" had initially been used as a pejorative accusation by Italy's liberal opposition that denounced the Fascist movement for seeking to create a total dictatorship.[55] However, the Fascists responded by accepting that they were totalitarian, but presented totalitarianism from a positive viewpoint.[55] Mussolini described totalitarianism as seeking to forge an authoritarian national state that would be capable of completing Risorgimento of the Italia Irredenta, forge a powerful modern Italy and create a new kind of citizen – politically active Fascist Italians.[55]
The Doctrine of Fascism (1932) described the nature of Italian Fascism's totalitarianism, stating the following:
Fascism is for the only liberty which can be a serious thing, the liberty of the state and of the individual in the state. Therefore for the fascist, everything is in the state, and no human or spiritual thing exists, or has any sort of value, outside the state. In this sense fascism is totalitarian, and the fascist state which is the synthesis and unity of every value, interprets, develops and strengthens the entire life of the people.
— Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)
American journalist
However, since World War II, historians have noted that in Italy's colonies Italian Fascism displayed extreme levels of violence. One-tenth of the population of the Italian colony of Libya died during the Fascist era, including from the use of gassings, concentration camps, starvation and disease; in Ethiopia during and after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, a quarter of a million Ethiopians died.[90]
Corporatist economics
Italian Fascism promotes a corporatist economic system. The economy involves employer and employee syndicates being linked together in corporative associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy.[32] It supports criminalisation of strikes by employees and lockouts by employers, as it deems these acts prejudicial to the national community as a whole.[91]
Age and gender roles
The Italian Fascists' political anthem was called Giovinezza ("The Youth").[92] Fascism identifies the physical age period of youth as a critical time for the moral development of people that will affect society.[93]
Italian Fascism pursued what it called "moral hygiene" of youth, particularly regarding sexuality.[94] Fascist Italy promoted what it considered normal sexual behaviour in youth while denouncing what it considered abnormal sexual behaviour.[94] It deemed homosexuality as deviant sexual conduct.[94] The Fascist state also criminalised the dispersion of birth control as well as abortion and created laws that taxed bachelors.[95] Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before puberty as the cause of criminality amongst male youth.[94] Fascist Italy reflected the belief of most Italians that homosexuality was wrong and even went as far as to create punitive laws against homosexuals.[95] Instead of the traditional Catholic teaching that it was a sin, a new approach was taken based on then-modern psychoanalysis that it was a social disease.[94] Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive campaign to reduce prostitution of young women.[94]
Mussolini perceived women's primary role to be childbearers while men were warriors, once saying that "war is to man what maternity is to the woman".[96] In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and initiated policies designed to reduce the number of women employed.[97] Italian Fascism called for women to be honoured as "reproducers of the nation" and the Italian Fascist government held ritual ceremonies to honour women's role within the Italian nation.[98] In 1934, Mussolini declared that employment of women was a "major aspect of the thorny problem of unemployment" and that for women working was "incompatible with childbearing". Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force".[99]
Tradition
Italian Fascism believed that the success of Italian nationalism required a clear sense of a shared past amongst the Italian people, along with a commitment to a modernised Italy. In a famous speech in 1926, Mussolini called for Fascist art that was "traditionalist and at the same time modern, that looks to the past and at the same time to the future".[100]

Traditional symbols of Roman civilisation were used by the Fascists, particularly the fasces that symbolised unity, authority and the exercise of power.[101] Other traditional symbols of ancient Rome used by the Fascists included the she-wolf of Rome.[101] The fasces and the she-wolf symbolised the shared Roman heritage of all the regions that constituted the Italian nation.[101] In 1926, the fasces was adopted by the Fascist government of Italy as a symbol of the state.[102] In that year, the Fascist government attempted to have the Italian national flag redesigned to incorporate the fasces.[102] This was stopped by the strong opposition of Italian monarchists.[102] Afterwards, the Fascist government in public ceremonies raised the national tricolour flag along with a Fascist black flag.[103] Years later, after Mussolini was deposed by the King and rescued by German forces in 1943, the Italian Social Republic founded by Mussolini and the Fascists did incorporate the fasces on the state's war flag, which was a variant of the Italian tricolour national flag.
The issue of the rule of monarchy or republic in Italy was an issue that changed several times through the development of Italian Fascism. Initially Italian Fascism was
After Mussolini was deposed by the King in 1943 and Italy switched sides from the Axis to the Allies, Italian Fascism returned to republicanism and condemnation of the monarchy.[108] On 18 September 1943, Mussolini made his first public address to the Italian people since his rescue from arrest by German forces. He commended the loyalty of Hitler as an ally while condemning Victor Emmanuel III for betraying Italian Fascism.[108] On the topic of the monarchy removing him from power and dismantling the Fascist regime, Mussolini stated that "[i]t is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime" and that "[w]hen a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being...The state we want to establish will be national and social in the highest sense of the word; that is, it will be Fascist, thus returning to our origins."[108] The Fascists at this point did not denounce the House of Savoy in the entirety of its history. They credited Victor Emmanuel II for his rejection of "scornfully dishonourable pacts" and denounced Victor Emmanuel III for betraying Victor Emmanuel II by entering a dishonourable pact with the Allies.[109]
The relationship between Italian Fascism and the Catholic Church was mixed, as originally it was highly anti-clerical and hostile to Catholicism. From the middle to late 1920s, anti-clericalism lost ground in the movement as Mussolini in power sought accord with the Church.
Influence outside Italy
The National Fascist Party model was very influential beyond Italy. In the twenty-one-year
Italian Fascism influenced
Legacy
Although the National Fascist Party was outlawed by the postwar
Secretaries of the PNF
- Michele Bianchi (November 1921 – January 1923)
- multiple presidency (January 1923 – October 1923)
- Triumvirate: Michele Bianchi, Nicola Sansanelli, Giuseppe Bastianini
- Francesco Giunta (15 October 1923 – 22 April 1924)
- multiple presidency (23 April 1924 – 15 February 1925)
- , Alessandro Melchiorri
- Roberto Farinacci (15 February 1925 – 30 March 1926)
- Augusto Turati (30 March 1926 – 7 October 1930)
- Giovanni Giuriati (October 1930 – December 1931)
- Achille Starace (December 1931 – 31 October 1939)
- Ettore Muti (31 October 1939 – 30 October 1940)
- Adelchi Serena (30 October 1940 – 26 December 1941)
- Aldo Vidussoni (26 December 1941 – 19 April 1943)
- Carlo Scorza (19 April 1943 – 27 July 1943)
Election results
Italian Parliament
Election | Leader | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position | ||
1924 | 4,653,488
|
64.9
|
375 / 535
|
![]() |
![]() | |
1929 | 8,517,838
|
98.4
|
400 / 400
|
![]() |
![]() | |
1934 | 10,043,875
|
99.8
|
400 / 400
|
![]() |
![]() |
Party symbols
-
Party emblem of the National Fascist Party
-
Eagle clutching a fasces, a common symbol of Italian Fascism, regularly used on uniforms and caps
-
Flag of the National Fascist Party
Slogans
- Viva il Duce! ("Long live the Leader!")[124]
- Saluto al Duce! ("Hail the Leader!")[125]
- Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State") – Benito Mussolini (October 1925)[126]
- La guerra è per l'uomo, come la maternità è per la donna ("War is to man, as motherhood is to woman")[127]
- Viva la morte ("Long live death [sacrifice]")[citation needed]
- Credere, obbedire, combattere ("Believe, obey, fight")[citation needed]
- Vincere e vinceremo! ("Win and we will win!")[citation needed]
- Libro e moschetto - fascista perfetto ("Book and rifle - perfect Fascist")[citation needed]
- Se avanzo, seguitemi. Se indietreggio, uccidetemi. Se muoio, vendicatemi ("If I advance, follow me. If I retreat, kill me. If I die, avenge me")[citation needed]
- La libertà non è diritto è un dovere ("Liberty is not a right it is a duty")[citation needed]
- Noi tireremo diritto (literally "We will go straight" or "We shall go forward")[citation needed]
See also
- Glossary of Fascist Italy
- Fascism
- Fascism and ideology
- Italian fascism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Squadrismo
- Ranks and insignia of the National Fascist Party
- Italian fascism and racism
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- )
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External links
- THE DOCTRINE OF FASCISM / BENITO MUSSOLINI (1932)
- Fascist Italy and the Jews: Myth versus Reality Archived 27 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine an online lecture by Dr. Iæl Nidam-Orvieto of Yad Vashem