Japanese battleship Yamashiro
Yamashiro at Tateyama, December 1934
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History | |
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Japan | |
Name | Yamashiro |
Namesake | Yamashiro Province |
Builder | Yokosuka Naval Arsenal |
Laid down | 20 November 1913 |
Launched | 3 November 1915 |
Commissioned | 31 March 1917 |
Stricken | 31 August 1945 |
Fate | Sunk during the Battle of Surigao Strait , 25 October 1944 |
General characteristics (as built) | |
Class and type | Fusō-class battleship |
Displacement | |
Length | |
Beam | 28.7 meters (94 ft 2 in) |
Draft | 8.7 meters (28 ft 7 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 4 × shafts; 2 × steam turbine sets |
Speed | 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph) |
Range | 8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) |
Complement | 1,193 |
Armament |
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Armor | |
General characteristics (1944) | |
Displacement | 34,700 long tons (35,300 t) |
Length | 212.75 m (698 ft) (o.a.) |
Beam | 33.1 m (108 ft 7 in) |
Draft | 9.69 meters (31 ft 9 in) |
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 4 × steam turbines |
Speed | 24.5 knots (45.4 km/h; 28.2 mph) |
Range | 11,800 nmi (21,900 km; 13,600 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
Complement | approximately 1,900 |
Sensors and processing systems |
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Armament |
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Armor | Deck: 51–152 mm (2–6 in) |
Aircraft carried | 3 × floatplanes |
Aviation facilities | 1 × catapult |
Yamashiro (山城, "Mountain castle", named for
Yamashiro was modernized between 1930 and 1935, with improvements to her armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style. Nevertheless, with only 14-inch guns, she was outclassed by other Japanese battleships at the beginning of World War II, and played auxiliary roles for most of the war.
By 1944, though, she was forced into front-line duty, serving as the flagship of
Description
The ship had a length of 192.1 meters (630 ft 3 in)
During the ship's modernization during 1930–35, her forward superstructure was enlarged with multiple platforms added to her tripod foremast. Her rear superstructure was rebuilt to accommodate mounts for 127-millimeter (5 in)
Propulsion
The ship had two sets of
During her modernization, the Miyahara boilers were replaced by six new Kanpon oil-fired boilers fitted in the former aft boiler room, and the forward funnel was removed. The Brown-Curtis turbines were replaced by four geared Kanpon turbines with a designed output of 75,000 shp (56,000 kW). On her trials, Yamashiro's sister ship Fusō reached a top speed of 24.7 knots (45.7 km/h; 28.4 mph) from 76,889 shp (57,336 kW).[1] The fuel storage of the ship was increased to a total of 5,100 long tons (5,200 t) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 11,800 nautical miles (21,900 km; 13,600 mi) at a speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[3]
Armament
The twelve 45-
Originally, Yamashiro was fitted with a secondary armament of sixteen 50-caliber 6-inch guns mounted in casemates on the upper sides of the hull. Each gun could fire a high-explosive projectile to a maximum range of 22,970 yards (21,000 m)[6] at up to six shots per minute.[7] She was later fitted with six high-angle 40-caliber three-inch AA guns, in single mounts on both sides of the forward superstructure and both sides of the second funnel, as well as on both sides of the aft superstructure.[1] These guns had a maximum elevation of +75 degrees, and could fire a 5.99-kilogram (13.2 lb) shell at a rate of 13 to 20 rounds per minute to a maximum height of 7,200 meters (23,600 ft).[8] The ship was also fitted with six submerged 533-millimeter (21.0 in) torpedo tubes, three on each broadside.[9]
During Yamashiro's modernization in the early 1930s, all six three-inch guns were removed and replaced with eight 40-caliber 127-millimeter dual-purpose guns, fitted on both sides of the fore and aft superstructures in four twin-gun mounts.[10] When firing at surface targets, the guns had a range of 14,700 meters (16,100 yd); they had a maximum ceiling of 9,440 meters (30,970 ft) at their maximum elevation of +90 degrees. Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute, but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute.[11]
The improvements made during the reconstruction increased Yamashiro's draft by 1 meter (3 ft 3 in); the two foremost six-inch guns were removed, as the same guns on her sister ship
Also in July 1944, the ship was provided with three twin-gun and 10 single mounts for the license-built
Armor
The ship's waterline armor belt was 229 to 305 millimeters (9 to 12 in) thick; below it was a strake of 102 mm (4 in) armor. The deck armor ranged in thickness from 32 to 51 mm (1.3 to 2.0 in). The turrets were protected with an armor thickness of 279.4 mm (11.0 in) on the face, 228.6 mm (9.0 in) on the sides, and 114.5 mm (4.51 in) on the roof. The barbettes of the turrets were protected by armor 305 mm thick, while the casemates of the 152 mm guns were protected by 152 mm armor plates. The sides of the conning tower were 351 millimeters (13.8 in) thick. Additionally, the vessel contained 737 watertight compartments (574 underneath the armor deck, 163 above) to preserve buoyancy in the event of battle damage.[17]
During her first reconstruction Yamashiro's armor was substantially upgraded. The deck armor was increased to a maximum thickness of 114 mm (4.5 in). A longitudinal bulkhead of 76 mm (3.0 in) of high-tensile steel was added to improve the underwater protection.[18]
Aircraft
Yamashiro was briefly fitted with an aircraft
Fire control and sensors
The ship was originally fitted with two 3.5-meter (11 ft 6 in) and two 1.5-meter (4 ft 11 in)
While in
Construction and service
Yamashiro, named for
The ship's reconstruction began on 18 December 1930 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal where her machinery was replaced, her armor was reinforced, and torpedo bulges were fitted. Yamashiro's armament was also upgraded and her torpedo tubes were removed. Captain
World War II
Yamashiro and her sister ship Fusō spent most of the war around Japan, mostly at the anchorage at Hashirajima in Hiroshima Bay.
In an effort to replace the aircraft carriers lost at the Battle of Midway, the Navy made plans to convert the two Fusō-class ships to hybrid battleship/carriers, but the two Ise-class battleships were chosen instead. In July 1943, Yamashiro was at the Yokosuka drydock for fitting of a radar and additional 25 mm AA guns. The ship was briefly assigned as a training ship on 15 September before loading troops on 13 October bound for Truk Naval Base, arriving with the battleship Ise on the 20th. The two battleships sailed for Japan, accompanied by the carriers Jun'yō and Unyō, on 31 October.[14] On 8 November, the submarine USS Halibut fired torpedoes at Jun'yo that missed, but hit Yamashiro with a torpedo that failed to detonate.[27] Yamashiro resumed her training duties in Japan, and Captain Yoshioki Tawara assumed command. He was promoted to rear admiral on 1 May, but died of natural causes four days later,[14] and Captain Katsukiyo Shinoda was appointed to replace him.[28]
During the
The ship was refitted in July at Yokosuka, where additional radar systems and light AA guns were fitted. Yamashiro and her sister ship were transferred to Battleship Division 2 of the
Battle of Surigao Strait
As flagship of Nishimura's Southern Force, Yamashiro left
At 09:08 on 24 October, Yamashiro, Fusō and the
Nishimura issued a telegram to Admiral
At 03:52, the battleship was attacked by a large formation to the north commanded by Rear Admiral
The main bombardment lasted 18 minutes, and Yamashiro was the only target for seven of them.
Yamashiro increased speed to 15 knots in an attempt to escape the trap,[45] but she had already been hit by two to four torpedoes, and after two more torpedo hits near the starboard engine room, she was listing 45 degrees to port. Shinoda gave the command to abandon ship, but neither he nor Nishimura made any attempt to leave the conning tower as the ship capsized within five minutes and quickly sank, stern first, vanishing from radar between 04:19 and 04:21.[46] Only 10 crewmembers of the estimated 1,636 officers and crew on board survived, many of whom refused rescue.[47]
Wreck
John Bennett claimed to have discovered Yamashiro's wreck in April 2001, but confirmation of the wreck's identity could not be made.[48] On 25 November 2017, Paul Allen and his crew aboard the research ship RV Petrel, discovered the wreck of Yamashiro and confirmed her identity. The ship was found upside down and mostly intact, with the bow folded back over the hull.[49]
Notes
- ^ Skulski and Preston use Squadron while Hackett uses BatDiv, presumably Battleship Division.
- Hawaiian Standard Time, so in Japan, the attack on Pearl Harborhappened on 8 December.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c Gardiner & Gray, p. 229
- ^ a b Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, p. 25
- ^ a b Skulski, p. 17
- ^ Jentschura, Jung and Mickel, pp. 25–26
- ^ a b Skulski, p. 18
- ^ Skulski, p. 20
- ^ Campbell, p. 189
- ^ Campbell, p. 198
- ^ a b Skulski, p. 30
- ^ Skulski, p. 21
- ^ Campbell, pp. 192–193
- ^ Stille, p. 11
- ^ a b c Stille, p. 23
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hackett
- ^ Campbell, p. 200
- ^ Skulski, pp. 21–22
- ^ Skulski, pp. 16, 101, 163
- ^ Skulski, pp. 16, 101
- ^ Skulski, pp. 25–26
- ^ Skulski, pp. 28–29
- ^ Silverstone, p. 339
- ^ Preston, p. 199
- ^ a b Whitley, p. 193
- ^ Rohwer, pp. 168–169
- ^ Parshall & Tully, p. 454
- ^ Parshall & Tully, p. 46
- ^ Tully, p. 30
- ^ Tully, p. 37
- ^ Tully, pp. 34–35
- ^ Tully, pp. xi, 43, 56
- ^ Tully, p. 66
- ^ Tully, pp. 68, 73
- ^ Tully, p. 100
- ^ Tully, pp. 110–112
- ^ Tully, pp. 149, 152–153
- ^ Tully, pp. 160, 171–172
- ^ Tully, pp. 184, 190
- ^ Tully, p. 191
- ^ Tully, pp. 195–196, 206
- ^ Tully, pp. 195, 215
- ^ Tully, p. 197
- ^ Tully, pp. 198–199
- ^ Tully, p. 206
- ^ Tully, p. 212
- ^ a b Tully, pp. 214–215
- ^ Tully, pp. 216–217
- ^ Tully, p. 218
- ^ Tully, Anthony P. (9 May 2001). "Important Announcement: Dives at Surigao Strait". A.P. Tully Message Board. Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ "RV Petrel". Facebook. 25 November 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
References
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Hackett, Bob (2010). "IJN Yamashiro: Tabular Record of Movement". Combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Parshall, Jonathan & Tully, Anthony (2007). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-924-6.
- Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. New York: Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
- Rohwer, Jurgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Skulski, Janusz (1998). The Battleship Fuso. Anatomy of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-665-5.
- Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–45. New Vanguard. Vol. 146. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
- Tully, Anthony P. (2009). Battle of Surigao Strait. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35242-2.
- Whitley, M. J. (1999). Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.