Japanese submarine I-26
I-26 in Hiroshima Bay, late October 1941.
| |
History | |
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Empire of Japan | |
Name | Submarine No. 139 |
Builder | Kure Naval Arsenal, Kure, Japan |
Laid down | 7 June 1939 |
Launched | 10 April 1940 |
Renamed |
|
Completed | 6 November 1941 |
Commissioned | 6 November 1941 |
Fate | Sunk 17 November 1944 |
Stricken | 10 March 1945 |
General characteristics | |
Class and type | Type B1 submarine |
Displacement |
|
Length | 108.7 m (356 ft 8 in) |
Beam | 9.3 m (30 ft 6 in) |
Draft | 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) |
Propulsion |
|
Speed |
|
Range | 14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) |
Test depth | 100 m (328 ft) |
Complement | 94 officers and men |
Armament |
|
Aircraft carried | one seaplane |
I-26 was an
Construction and commissioning
Built by the
Service history
Pre-World War II
On the day of her commissioning, I-26 was attached to the Yokosuka Naval District and assigned to Submarine Division 4 in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 6th Fleet, a component of the Combined Fleet.[2][3] She departed immediately for work-ups in the Seto Inland Sea.[3]
On 10 November 1941, as the Japanese armed forces began to deploy for the offensive that would begin the Pacific campaign of World War II, I-26 was assigned to the 6th Fleet Reconnaissance Unit and received orders to conduct a prewar reconnaissance of the Aleutian Islands area.[3] She arrived at Yokosuka, Japan, on 12 November 1941, and began preparations for the mission, which called for I-26 to operate at the limits of her endurance.[3] Rather than embark a floatplane, her crew filled her hangar with food because of a lack of space below for sufficient provisions.[3] With modern Type 95 torpedoes in short supply, she instead loaded only ten old 6th Year Type torpedoes,[3] seven fewer torpedoes than she was designed to carry.
I-26 departed Yokosuka at 15:00 on 19 November 1941 and set course for the Aleutians with orders to reconnoiter American naval bases there and report on the
When 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) off San Francisco on 6 December 1941, I-26 sighted the 2,140-
World War II
First war patrol
At dawn on 7 December 1941, I-26 found Cynthia Olson exactly where the submarine′s crew expected to find her along her projected course.[3] At 09:00 local time on 7 December, which was 08:00 on 7 December in Hawaii and 03:30 on 8 December in Japan and was only minutes after the attack on Pearl Harbor began, I-26 determined Cynthia Olson′s nationality, surfaced near her, and fired a warning shot.[3] Cynthia Olson′s crew transmitted an SOS and abandoned ship in two lifeboats.[3][6] I-26 fired 18 rounds from her aft 140-millimeter (5.5 in) gun from a range of 1,000 yards (910 m) at Cynthia Olson, setting her ablaze.[3][7] Twenty minutes after opening fire, she received the message Tora! Tora! Tora! ("Tiger! Tiger! Tiger!"), indicating that the Pearl Harbor attack had achieved complete surprise.[3] She submerged and fired a torpedo at Cynthia Olson from a range of 450 yards (410 m), but it missed her astern because she still was underway.[3][7] I-26 surfaced again and resumed 140-millimeter (5.5 in) fire, firing 29 more rounds over the next two hours before departing the area when Cynthia Olson finally rolled onto her side in a sinking condition some five hours after I-26 first attacked her.[3][6][7] Cynthia Olson sank later on 7 December 900 nautical miles (1,700 km; 1,000 mi) northeast of Hawaii at 33°42′N 145°29′W / 33.700°N 145.483°W, the first American merchant ship lost after the entry of the United States into the war and the first American merchant ship sunk by a Japanese submarine.[2][3][4][8][9] The American ocean liner SS Lurline picked up Cynthia Olson′s SOS from a considerable distance away[7] and on 8 December the Japanese submarine I-19 came across her lifeboats and provided her survivors — 33 crewmen and two U.S. Army passengers — with food, but after that they were never seen or heard from again.[5][7]
After the submarine I-6 reported sighting a Lexington-class aircraft carrier and two cruisers steaming east-northeast of Oahu on 9 December 1941, the commander of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu, aboard his flagship, the light cruiser Katori at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands, ordered I-26 and all the other submarines of Submarine Squadron 1 except for those of the Special Attack Force serving as the mother ships for midget submarines to search for the ships.[3] The search was unsuccessful.[3]
On 14 December 1941, I-26 was among a number of submarines ordered to proceed to the U.S. West Coast to attack shipping.
January–February 1942
While at Kwajalein, I-26 fueled and loaded provisions in company with I-15, I-17, and I-23. but they had no success.
Operation K
On 3 February 1942, I-15, I-19, I-23, and I-26 were recalled to Kwajalein,[2][3] and on 5 February they and I-9 were selected to participate in Operation K, which called for two Imperial Japanese Navy Kawanishi H8K1 (Allied reporting name "Emily") flying boats to fly from Wotje, stop at the French Frigate Shoals in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) west-northwest of Oahu to refuel from submarines, then fly to Oahu to bomb Honolulu before returning to Wotje.[3] I-9 was to take station halfway between Wotje and the French Frigate Shoals to act as a radio beacon for the aircraft, I-23 was to operate 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) south of Pearl Harbor to provide weather reports and rescue the crews of any aircraft that were shot down, and I-15, I-19, and I-26 were to refuel the planes.[2][3]
On 14 February 1942, I-15, I-19, and I-26 each had six fuel tanks for
March–May 1942
While I-26 was in
Second war patrol
As Japan made preparations to begin the Aleutian Islands campaign with landings on Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands and an air strike on Dutch Harbor, I-26 got underway from Yokosuka at 13:00 on 16 May 1942 to begin her second war patrol, ordered to reconnoiter the Kodiak Island area off the coast of the Territory of Alaska and then raid shipping off Seattle.[2][3] While she was at sea, she was reassigned to the Northern Force.[3] She conducted a reconnaissance of Kodiak Island on 24 May 1942[3] and of Chirikof Island and Sitkanak Island on 26 May 1942.[3] On 27 May 1942, I-25 launched a Yokosuka E14Y1 (Allied reporting name "Glen") floatplane for a reconnaissance flight over Dutch Harbor, and I-26, which had no aircraft embarked, stood by to recover the aircraft in case I-25 was unable to.[3][12]
After the floatplane returned safely to I-25, I-26 proceeded to her patrol area off Seattle, which she reached on 31 May 1942.
At 22:17 on 20 June 1942, I-26 surfaced either 2 or 5 nautical miles (3.7 or 9.3 km; 2.3 or 5.8 mi) (according to different sources) off the west coast of
On 30 June 1942, I-26 departed her patrol area, and she was reassigned to the Advance Force that day.[3] She returned to Yokosuka on 7 July 1942.[2][3][16]
July–August 1942
While I-26 was in Japan, Submarine Division 4 was deactivated on 10 August 1942, and I-26 was reassigned to Submarine Division 2 in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 6th Fleet.
Guadalcanal campaign
Third war patrol
The Guadalcanal campaign had begun on 7 August 1942 with United States Marine Corps landings on Guadalcanal in the southeastern Solomon Islands, and soon after arriving at Truk, I-26 got back underway for her third war patrol to support Japanese forces on Guadalcanal.[2][3] Ordered to operate as part of a submarine picket line, she arrived in her patrol area southeast of the Solomon Islands on 23 August 1942 and thereafter operated on the surface only in darkness.[3] The Battle of the Eastern Solomons took place on 24 and 25 August 1942, and on 25 August 1942 she briefly sighted what she identified as an Allied task force consisting of an aircraft carrier and 10 destroyers at 16:00, then sighted what she identified as another Allied task force consisting of an aircraft carrier and a heavy cruiser in the same area at 20:00.[3] She made another sighting at 00:20 on 26 August, this time of a task force which she reported as including one aircraft carrier, two battleships, three cruisers, and several destroyers.[3] At 02:40 on 30 August 1942, she sighted a task force which she reported either as including one aircraft carrier, one battleship, and several destroyers or one battleship, one cruiser, and several destroyers.[3]
I-26 was on the surface recharging her batteries northwest of Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides after midnight on 31 August 1942 when she sighted several distant lights.[3] After her commanding officer identified the lights as belonging to a U.S. Navy task force, she submerged to 265 feet (81 m).[3] Meanwhile, the battleship USS North Carolina (BB-55) had detected I-26 on radar at 03:30 and the destroyer USS Farragut (DD-348) was detached from the task force to investigate, but she lost contact with the submarine.[3]
After about three hours, I-26 surfaced and began a search for the task force, but did not find it.
At 07:46, I-26 returned to periscope depth and found herself alongside the destroyer
At 09:30 on 13 September 1942, a Yokohama Air Group Kawanishi H8K flying boat reported an Allied task force 345 nautical miles (639 km; 397 mi) south-southeast of Tulagi in the Solomon Islands, and I-26 along with I-9, I-15, I-17, I-21, and the submarines I-24, I-31, and I-33 received orders to form a patrol line in the area.[3] On 15 September, I-26 was reassigned to the 2nd Picket Unit,[3] and on 25 September 1942 she concluded her patrol with her return to Truk,[2][3] where she underwent repairs.[2]
October 1942
On 5 October 1942, I-26 departed Truk in company with I-15 and I-19, ordered to recharge the batteries of
I-26 arrived at the Indispensable Reefs on 18 October 1942 to relieve I-15 on aircraft refueling duties. Two Aichi E13A1 (Allied reporting name "Jake") floatplanes arrived early that morning.[3] After one of them departed, an enemy patrol plane flew over the reef, and the second E13A1 took off immediately.[3] Meanwhile, I-26 crash-dived and struck the reef, damaging her three lower torpedo tubes.[2][3] She nonetheless continued her operations at Indispensable Reef. Early on the morning of 22 October, she refueled three E13A1 floatplanes, one of which later sighted the battleship North Carolina.[3] On 23 October, she refueled an E13A1 which later located an Allied convoy.[3] A U.S. Army Air Forces B-17 Flying Fortress bomber overflew the reef on 25 October, forcing her to crash-dive and preventing her from refueling aircraft that day,[3] and on 26 October 1942, she departed the Indispensable Reefs, relieved of her refueling duties by the submarine I-122.[3] She proceeded to Rabaul on New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago, which she reached before the end of October.[2]
Fourth war patrol
In November 1942, I-26 got underway from Rabaul and proceeded to the Japanese anchorage in the
On 14 November 1942, I-26 sighted what she identified as two destroyers, but at 06:54 the arrival of an Allied patrol plane forced her to dive and break contact.[3] Later on 14 November, an American destroyer, probably USS Fletcher (DD-445), pursued her briefly, but she escaped.[3] She concluded her patrol with her arrival at Truk on either 29[3] or 30[2] November 1942, according to different sources, where her claim for sinking Juneau was not confirmed because the Japanese lacked information on Juneau′s identity.[3]
December 1942–January 1943
I-26 departed Truk on 3 December 1942[2][3] and set course for Yokosuka, which she reached on 9 December 1942.[2][3] She underwent repairs at Yokosuka,[2] and after their completion got back underway on 15 January 1943 to return to Truk.[2][3] She arrived there on 20 January 1943[2][3] and — in accordance with orders by Admiral Yamamoto to the 6th Fleet commander, Vice Admiral Teruhisa Komatsu, in November 1942 to conduct supply runs to Guadalcanal using submarines[3] — was fitted with a mount for a supply container on her afterdeck.[3]
I-26 was assigned to Submarine Force B on 23 January 1943, and she departed Truk that day on her first supply run, carrying a self-propelled Tokugata-Unkato supply container
I-26 proceeded to the waters north of Rennell Island.[3] The Japanese began to evacuate their forces from Guadalcanal in Operation Ke on 31 January 1943.[3] On 2 February 1943 I-26 was among submarines ordered to intercept a U.S. Navy aircraft carrier force reported to be 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) southeast of Rennell Island.[3] None of the submarines found the reported aircraft carriers,[3] but I-26 sighted an Allied destroyer on 3 February 1943.[3] On 8 February 1943, Japanese aircraft reported U.S. Navy forces 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi) southeast of Rennell Island, and I-26 again was among the submarines ordered to intercept them.[3] Although I-18 and another Japanese submarine attacked the U.S. force, the other submarines did not make contact with it, and I-26 and the other submarines in the area except for I-11 and I-17 received orders to return to Truk.[3] The Japanese completed the evacuation of Guadalcanal on 9 February 1943,[3] bringing the six-month Guadalcaal campaign to an end, and I-26 returned to Truk on 11 February 1943.[2][3]
Fifth war patrol
On 25 February 1943, Admiral Yamamoto ordered I-26 and the submarine
On 28 March 1943, an
I-26 was in the
After 19:00 on 24 April 1943, I-26 fired three torpedoes at the Australian 2,125-gross register ton armed cargo ship SS Kowarra in the Coral Sea 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) northeast of Sandy Cape at the northern tip of Fraser Island off the coast of Queensland, Australia.[2][3] One torpedo hit Kowarra, which was on a voyage from Bowen, Queensland, to Brisbane with a cargo of sugar, and triggered a boiler explosion, causing her to break in two and sink within 45 seconds at 24°26′S 153°44′E / 24.433°S 153.733°E with the loss of 21 lives.[2][3] The U.S. Navy submarine chaser USS SC-747 rescued her 11 survivors.[3] I-26 concluded her patrol with her arrival at Truk on 10 May 1943.[2][3]
Sixth war patrol
I-26 began her sixth war patrol on 14 June 1943 with her departure from Truk to raid shipping in the Fiji area and divert Allied attention from Japanese activities elsewhere.
August–November 1943
I-26 departed Truk in August 1943
Indian Ocean operations
Seventh war patrol
On 4 December 1943, I-26 set out from Penang on her seventh war patrol, ordered to refuel a flying boat conducting a reconnaissance flight, land
I-26 got back underway and headed into the
On 31 December 1943, I-26 fired three torpedoes at the British 8,054-gross register ton
In the Arabian Sea just outside the Gulf of Oman on 2 January 1944, I-26 attacked the 7,176-gross register ton Liberty ship SS Albert Gallatin.[2][3] She fired four torpedoes, most of which missed, then surfaced and opened 140-millimeter (5.5 in) gunfire on Albert Gallatin.[3] As Albert Gallatin began to sink, a Royal Air Force Bristol Blenheim aircraft arrived on the scene and dropped four bombs on I-26, inflicting minor damage on her.[2][3] Albert Gallatin subsequently sank 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) off the coast of the Arabian Peninsula at 21°21′N 059°58′E / 21.350°N 59.967°E.[2][3] The Norwegian tanker Britannia rescued her crew.[3] I-26 concluded her patrol on 15 January 1944 with her arrival at Singapore, where she underwent repairs.[2][3]
Eighth war patrol
With her repairs complete, I-26 returned to Penang on 20 February 1944, then got back underway on 27 February 1944 to begin her eighth war patrol.
After landing 10 Indian revolutionaries of the Hikari Kikan espionage office on the Indian coast west of Karachi in early March 1944,
On 21 March 1944 I-26 torpedoed the Norwegian motor tanker MV Grena — which was on a voyage in ballast from Aden to Abadan, Iran — in the Arabian Sea 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi) off the coast of Muscat and Oman at 20°48′N 059°38′E / 20.800°N 59.633°E.[2][3][20][21] Grena broke in two and sank, with seven members of Grena′s 42-man crew losing their lives.[3][21] In a harbinger of the behavior Kusaka and his crew would show toward survivors later in the month, I-26 surfaced and opened gunfire on Grena′s survivors, although she did not hit them.[3]
On 29 March 1944, I-26 fired three torpedoes
The survivors observed I-26′s
I-26 ceased fire and a member of her crew began calling out for Richard Hovey′s captain to identify himself.[28] She came alongside Lifeboat No. 4 and took aboard the four men she found aboard it — which included Richard Hovey′s captain — as prisoners-of-war.[28] Taking the lifeboat in tow, she departed the area eastbound, leaving behind only one lifeboat and one life raft afloat in addition to the capsized lifeboat.[28] The four men she took aboard survived the war and were repatriated after its end.[3] Richard Hovey sank sometime during the predawn hours of 30 March 1944[29] at 16°40′N 064°30′E / 16.667°N 64.500°E.[2][3]
Sources disagree on whether none of Richard Hovey′s personnel died in I-26′s attack on the survivors[30] or four did.[3] The survivors righted and boarded the capsized boat.[28] The two boats became separated, and each set out for land independently. The 25 men aboard one boat were rescued on 1 April 1944 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) east of the site of the sinking by the British Liberty ship SS Samcalia and were landed at Karachi on 4 April 1944.[3][30] One of the 39 men aboard the other boat died at sea on 10 April,[31] but the other 38 were rescued on 14 April 1944 280 nautical miles (520 km; 320 mi) from the coast of India and 240 nautical miles (440 km; 280 mi) east-southeast of the site of the sinking by the British Liberty ship SS Samuta and were landed at Cochin, India, on 16 April 1944.[3][30] I-26 returned to Penang on either 18[3] or 25[2] April 1944, according to different sources.
April–June 1944
On 20 April 1944, I-26 was reassigned to the Advance Force.[3] She departed Penang on 3 May 1944 and on 15 May 1944 arrived at Kure, Japan, where she underwent repairs and an overhaul.[2][3] On 20 June 1944, she was reassigned to Submarine Division 15 in the 6th Fleet.[3]
Marianas campaign
While I-26 was in Japan, the Marianas campaign began with U.S. landings on Saipan in the Mariana Islands on 15 June 1944.[3] I-26 departed Kure on 27 June 1944 bound for Saipan with an Unpoto supply container — a 70-foot (21 m) sled that could carry up to 15 tons of cargo — secured on her deck with a 75-millimeter gun inside it.[3] She was diverted to Guam on 5 July 1944.[3] Daily U.S. bombardments of Guam in preparation for U.S. landings on the island began on 8 July, and when I-26 arrived off Guam on 9 July she found the island surrounded by U.S. warships.[3] She ran aground, but freed herself and managed to enter Apra Harbor on the coast of Guam that evening.[3] She delivered her Unpoto, embarked 120 Japanese pilots, and got back underway, setting course for Japan.[3] She arrived at Yokosuka on 22 July 1944 for repairs and an overhaul.[2][3]
August–October 1944
Kusaka relinquished command of I-26 for another assignment on 1 August 1944.[3] He never was brought to trial for ordering the crew of I-26 to fire on the survivors of Grena or Richard Hovey.[32] After completion of her repairs and overhaul, I-26 moved to Kure, Japan.[3]
Ninth war patrol
On 13 October 1944, the commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral
On 18 October 1944, I-26 reported to the 6th Fleet that she continuously had detected groups of aircraft 520 nautical miles (960 km; 600 mi) from Manila on a bearing of 62 degrees.[3] The Battle of Leyte began with U.S. Army landings on Leyte in the Philippines on 20 October 1944,[3] and on 24 October 1944, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began, I-26 was ordered to patrol in an area southeast of Leyte Gulf.[3] As the Battle off Samar, one of the major actions of the Battle of Leyte Gulf, raged on 25 October 1944, I-26 reported that she had sighted four U.S. aircraft carriers off Leyte.[3] The Japanese never heard from her again.
Loss
On 27 October 1944, I-26 was ordered to an area east of
The cause of the loss of I-26 is controversial. Some historians have concluded that she sank in a diving accident.
Summary of attacks
I-26 was the Imperial Japanese Navy′s third-highest-scoring submarine in terms of tonnage sunk during World War II, sinking more than 51,500 tons of enemy shipping.[3]
Date | Action | Location | Commanding officer |
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7 December 1941 | Sank grt
|
Pacific Ocean 33°42′N 145°29′W / 33.700°N 145.483°W | CDR Minoru Yokota |
7 June 1942 | Sank SS Coast Trader, 3,286 grt | Pacific Ocean 48°15′N 125°40′W / 48.250°N 125.667°W | CDR Minoru Yokota |
20 June 1942 | Shelled RDF site
|
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada | CDR Minoru Yokota |
31 August 1942 | Damaged dt
|
Pacific Ocean 10°34′S 164°18′E / 10.567°S 164.300°E | CDR Minoru Yokota |
13 November 1942 | Sank USS Juneau (CL-52), 6,718 dt | Pacific Ocean 10°34′S 164°04′E / 10.567°S 164.067°E | CDR Minoru Yokota |
11 April 1943 | Sank SS Recina, 4,732 grt | Tasman Sea 37°24′S 150°19′E / 37.400°S 150.317°E | CDR Minoru Yokota |
24 April 1943 | Sank SS Kowarra, 2,125 grt | Coral Sea 24°26′S 153°44′E / 24.433°S 153.733°E | CDR Minoru Yokota |
28 December 1943 | Damaged SS Robert F. Hoke, 7,176 grt | Arabian Sea 20°05′N 059°25′E / 20.083°N 59.417°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
31 December 1943 | Damaged MV Tornus, 8,045 grt | Arabian Sea 19°45′N 059°10′E / 19.750°N 59.167°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
2 January 1944 | Sank SS Albert Gallatin, 7,176 grt | Arabian Sea 21°21′N 059°58′E / 21.350°N 59.967°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
13 March 1944 | Sank SS H. D. Collier, 8,298 grt | Arabian Sea 21°30′N 066°11′E / 21.500°N 66.183°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
21 March 1944 | Sank MV Grena, 8,117 grt | Arabian Sea 20°48′N 059°38′E / 20.800°N 59.633°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
30 March 1944 | Sank SS Richard Hovey, 7,176 grt | Arabian Sea 16°40′N 064°30′E / 16.667°N 64.500°E | LCDR Toshio Kusaka |
References
Footnotes
- ISBN 0-87021-459-4p.191
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv I-26 ijnsubsite.com 7 August 2018 Accessed 21 February 2022
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (March 1, 2016). "IJN Submarine I-26: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- ^ a b Artfiberglass.com, The SS Cynthia Olson
- ^ a b Webber (1975), pp. 13-14
- ^ a b Prange, p. 89.
- ^ a b c d e Nelson, p.208.
- ISBN 978-1-84868-923-7
- ^ "Cynthia Olson". navylog.navymemorial.org. United States Navy Memorial. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Webber (1975), pp. 14-15
- ^ Webber (1975), p. 153.
- ^ Morison, Vol. IV, p. 173.
- ^ a b c d e Webber (1975), pp. 18-19
- ^ Historylink.org, Japanese submarine sinks the SS Coast Trader on June 7, 1942.
- ^ Rc-sub.com, Japanese "B" Class Project
- ^ Webber (1975), p. 40.
- ^ USS Saratoga Association, Saratoga V Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b History.navy.mil, Juneau Archived 2007-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c Edwards, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Edwards, p. 193.
- ^ a b "D/S Grena". Warsailors. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
- ^ Edwards, pp. 194, 195.
- ^ a b Edwards, p. 192.
- ^ a b c Edwards, p. 194.
- ^ a b Edwards, p. 195.
- ^ a b c d Edwards, p. 196.
- ^ a b c d e Edwards, p. 197.
- ^ a b c d e f Edwards, p. 198.
- ^ Edwards, p. 199.
- ^ a b c Edwards, p. 201.
- ^ Edwards, p. 200.
- ^ Edwards, p. 231.
- ^ Webber (1985), p. iv.
Bibliography
- Edwards, Bernard (1997). Blood and Bushido: Japanese Atrocities at Sea 1941–1945. New York: Brick Tower Press. ISBN 1-883283-18-3.
- Milanovich, Kathrin (2021). "The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume IV: Coral Sea, Midway, and Submarine Actions, May 1942–August 1942, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988.
- Nelson, Craig (2016). Pearl Harbor: From Infamy to Greatness. Thorndike Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1410494733.
- Prange, Gordon W. (1991). December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor. Random House Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-0517066584.
- Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975.
- Webber, Bert (1985). "Silent Siege-II; Japanese Attacks On North America In WWII. Webber Research Group, ISBN 0-936738-26-X, 1985.