List of battleships of Japan
Between the 1890s and 1940s, the
To counter reinforcement of the
After the war, the Japanese Empire immediately turned its focus to the two remaining rivals for imperial dominance in the Pacific Ocean, Britain and the United States,
In 1919, American President Woodrow Wilson announced the resumption of the 1916 naval construction program and the Japanese ordered eight fast battleships of the Kii and Number 13 classes in response.[13] The prospect of a new massively expensive arms race between the United States, Britain and Japan after the war caused the three powers to agree to the Washington Naval Treaty which limited Japan to a ratio of 3:5:5 in battleship tonnage to the United States and Britain. The treaty forced the IJN to dispose of all of its pre-dreadnoughts and the oldest dreadnoughts; the ships then under construction had to be broken up or sunk as targets. Furthermore, the treaty mandated a building holiday that barred the construction of new battleships for ten years. During this period, opponents of the Washington Naval Treaty and its successors had taken control of the upper echelons of the IJN[14] and rebuilt the Kongō-class battlecruisers into fast battleships and modernized the existing ships.[15] Coupled with the growth of ultranationalism and dominance of the government by the military, the government decided to withdraw from the treaty regime when it expired in 1936. Planning by the Navy General Staff for the post-treaty era began in 1934 and included five large battleships armed with nine 460 mm (18.1 in) guns; these ships became the Yamato class.[16] While the Yamatos were under construction in the late 1930s, the IJN began designing a successor class, the Design A-150 armed with 51 cm (20.1 in) guns, but never laid any down as they prepared for war and other ships had higher priority.[17]
Key
Armament | The number and type of the primary armament |
---|---|
Armor | The thickness of the belt armor
|
Displacement | Ship displacement at normal load |
Propulsion | Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and designed speed |
Service | The dates work on the ship began and finished and its ultimate fate |
Laid down | The date the keel began to be assembled |
Commissioned/Captured | The date the ship was commissioned or captured |
- ^ All figures are for the ship as completed.
Pre-Dreadnoughts
Fuji class
The two Fuji-class (
As part of the
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Fuji (富士) |
2 × twin 12 in (305 mm)[25] | 18 in (457 mm)[26] | 12,230–12,533 long tons (12,426–12,734 t)[20] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18.25 knots (34 km/h; 21 mph)[18] |
1 August 1894[27] | 17 August 1897[28] | Broken up, 1948[28] |
Yashima (八島) |
6 December 1894[29] | 9 September 1897[28] | Sank after striking a mine, 15 May 1904[20] |
Shikishima class
The Shikishima class (Kanji: 敷島型戦艦; Rōmaji: Shikishima-gata senkan) was designed as a more powerful version of the
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Shikishima (敷島) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[37] | 9 in (229 mm)[38] | 14,850 long tons (15,090 t)[39] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph)[39] |
29 March 1897[36] | 26 January 1900[36] | Broken up, January 1948[36] |
Hatsuse (初瀬) |
10 January 1898[40] | 18 January 1901[35] | Sank 15 May 1904, after striking two mines[35] |
Asahi
Asahi was a slightly improved version of the British Formidable-class battleships.[34] She became the flagship of the IJN's Standing Fleet and was later assigned to the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet reformed in 1903.[41][42] At the start of the Russo–Japanese War, Asahi took part in the Battle of Port Arthur and was not damaged by Russian fire. At the Battle of the Yellow Sea, the ship was moderately damaged, although she hit and damaged Poltava and Tsesarevich in return.[43] Asahi struck a mine two months later near Port Arthur, but was repaired in time for the Battle of Tsushima. There, she helped disable the battleship Knyaz Suvorov and dueled with the battleships Borodino and Oryol, taking no damage.[44]
She was a gunnery training ship for most of World War I until being rearmed in 1917 in time to escort troop transports during Japan's intervention in the Russian Civil War.[35] Asahi was converted into a noncombat vessel during the 1920s and was then made a repair ship in 1937.[42] On the night of 25–26 May 1942, Asahi was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine USS Salmon off modern-day Vietnam.[41]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Asahi (朝日) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[37] | 9 in[45] | 15,200 long tons (15,400 t)[35] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[46][35] |
1 August 1897[47] | 31 July 1900[42] | Sunk by USS Salmon, 25–26 May 1942[41] |
Mikasa
Mikasa was also an improved version of the Formidable-class battleships and only differed in minor respects from Asahi.[34] The ship served as the 1st Fleet flagship throughout the Russo-Japanese War. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war and the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima.[43] During the latter battle, the ship was hit many times, but was only lightly damaged.[48] Days after the end of the war, Mikasa's magazine accidentally exploded and sank the ship.[49] She was salvaged and her repairs took over two years to complete.[50] Afterward, the ship served as a coast-defense ship during World War I and supported Japanese forces when they intervened in the Russian Civil War.[34] After the Washington Naval Treaty was ratified in 1922 Mikasa was preserved as a museum ship. She was badly neglected during the post-World War II occupation of Japan and required extensive refurbishing in the late 1950s, but has only partially been restored.[51] Mikasa is the only surviving example of a pre-dreadnought battleship in the world.[52]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Mikasa (三笠) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[37] | 9 in[53] | 15,140 long tons (15,380 t)[35] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[54] |
24 January 1899[55] | 1 March 1902[55] | Preserved as a museum ship[51] |
Tango
Tango was laid down as the Russian battleship Poltava (Russian: Полтава), the second of three
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Captured | Fate | |||||
Tango (丹後) |
4 × 12 in guns [65] | 14.5 in (368 mm) Krupp armor[65]
|
11,500 long tons (11,685 t)[65] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)[65] |
19 May 1892[66] | 2 January 1905[67] | Returned to Russia, 1916,[68] scrapped, 1924[62] |
Sagami and Suwo
Sagami and Suwo were originally the Russian Peresvet-class battleships Peresvet (Пересвет) and Pobeda (Победа) respectively.[69] The design of the Peresvet class was inspired by the British second-class battleships of the Centurion class. The British ships were intended to defeat commerce-raiding armored cruisers like the Russian ships Rossia and Rurik, and the Peresvet class was designed to support their armored cruisers.[70]
The sisters were sunk during the Siege of Port Arthur and were salvaged by the IJN afterward. Because of their lighter armament than the other captured battleships, they were rated as coastal-defense ships.[71] During World War I, Suwo was the flagship of the Japanese squadron during the Siege of Tsingtao and then of the 2nd Fleet before becoming a gunnery-training ship in 1916. Sagami was sold back to the Russians that same year and resumed her former name. While en route to northern Russia, the ship struck two mines in the Mediterranean and sank.[72] Suwo was disarmed in 1922 in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and was probably scrapped afterward.[71]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Captured | Fate | |||||
Sagami (相模) |
2 × twin 10 in (254 mm)[73] | 9 in[73] | 13,810 long tons (14,030 t)[73] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[73] |
21 November 1895[69] | 2 January 1905[74] | Sunk by a mine off Port Said, Egypt, 4 January 1917[75] |
Suwo (周防) |
13,320 long tons (13,530 t)[73] | 21 February 1899[70] | 2 January 1905[76] | Probably scrapped, 1922–1923[77] |
Hizen
Hizen, originally Retvizan (Ретвизан), was a Russian pre-dreadnought battleship built in America before the Russo-Japanese War because Russian shipyards were already at full capacity.[78] The ship was torpedoed during the Battle of Port Arthur, but was repaired in time to participate in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, during which she was lightly damaged.[32][79] She was sunk during the Siege of Port Arthur and salvaged by the IJN.[80] During World War I, Hizen was sent to reinforce the weak British squadron off British Columbia, but diverted to Hawaii after reports of a German gunboat there were received. The ship was unsuccessfully sent to search for other German ships after the Americans interned the gunboat in November 1914. After the war she supported the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War and was disarmed in 1922 as required by the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty. Hizen was sunk as a target in 1924.[81][82]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Captured | Fate | |||||
Hizen (肥前) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[83] | 9 in[84] | 12,780 long tons (12,985 t)[85] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[85] |
29 July 1899[86] | 2 January 1905[81] | Sunk as a target ship, 25 July 1924[81] |
Iwami
Iwami was built shortly before the Russo-Japanese War for the Imperial Russian Navy as Oryol (Орёл), one of five
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Captured | Fate | |||||
Iwami (石見) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[93] | 7.64 in (194 mm)[94] | 14,151 long tons (14,378 t)[95] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[96] |
1 June 1900[95] | 28 May 1905[89] | Sunk as a target ship, 10 July 1924[90] |
Katori class
The pair of Katori-class pre-dreadnoughts were the last Japanese battleships to be built overseas.
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Katori (香取) |
2 × twin 12 in guns[103] | 9 in[103] | 15,950 long tons (16,210 t)[104] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18 knots[104] |
27 April 1904[105] | 20 May 1906[105] | Sold for scrap, April 1924[101] |
Kashima (鹿島) |
16,383 long tons (16,646 t)[98] | 29 February 1904[105] | 23 May 1906[105] | Broken up, 1924–1925[106] |
Satsuma class
The Satsuma-class battleships, Satsuma and Aki, were the first battleships to be built in Japan. They marked a transitional stage in battleship design,
The introduction of
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Satsuma (薩摩) |
2 × twin 12 in guns 6 × twin 10 in[108] |
9 in (229 mm)[108] | 19,372 long tons (19,683 t)[108] | 2 shafts, 2 triple-expansion steam engines, 18.25 knots (33.8 km/h; 21.0 mph)[108] |
15 May 1905[36] | 25 March 1910[36] | Sunk as a target ship, 7 September 1924[36] |
Aki (安芸) |
20,100 long tons (20,400 t)[108] | 2 shafts, 2 steam turbine sets, 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)[108] |
15 March 1906[36] | 11 March 1911[36] | Sunk as a target ship, 2 September 1924[36] |
Dreadnought battleships
Kawachi class
The Kawachi class (Kanji: 河内型戦艦; Rōmaji: Kawachi-gata senkan), Kawachi and Settsu, were a pair of dreadnought battleships ordered in the Navy's Warship Supplement Program after the Russo-Japanese War.
Settsu and Kawachi bombarded German fortifications at Tsingtao during the Battle of Tsingtao in 1914, but saw no other combat in World War I. Kawachi sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen.[116] Settsu was disarmed in 1922 and converted into a target ship. She was heavily damaged in 1945 by American carrier aircraft and eventually beached to avoid sinking. The ship was subsequently scrapped in 1946–1947.[117]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Kawachi (河内) |
6 × twin 12 in guns[113] | 12 in[113] | 20,823 long tons (21,157 t)[113] | 2 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph)[113] |
1 April 1909[118] | 31 March 1912[118] | Sunk by magazine explosion, 12 July 1918[118] |
Settsu (摂津) |
21,443 long tons (21,787 t)[113] | 18 January 1909[118] | 30 March 1911[118] | Scrapped, 1946–1947[118] |
Fusō class
The Fusō-class battleships (扶桑型戦艦, Fusō-gata senkan), Fusō and Yamashiro, were a pair of dreadnoughts built for the IJN during World War I.
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Fusō (扶桑) | 6 × twin 14 in (356 mm) guns[118] | 12 in[118] | 28,863 long tons (29,326 t)[123] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 22.5 knots (41.7 km/h; 25.9 mph)[118] |
11 March 1912[124] | 8 November 1915[124] | Sunk during the Battle of Surigao Strait, 25 October 1944[118] |
Yamashiro (山城) | 20 November 1913[125] | 31 March 1917[125] |
Ise class
The Ise-class battleships (伊勢型戦艦, Ise-gata senkan) were another pair of dreadnoughts built during World War I.[126] Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. They were modernized in the interwar period with improvements to their armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style. Afterward they played a minor role in the Second Sino-Japanese War.[127][128]
Despite the expensive reconstructions, both vessels were considered obsolete by the eve of the
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Ise (伊勢) | 6 × twin 14 in guns[131] | 11.8 in (299 mm)[132] | 31,260 long tons (31,760 t)[131] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 23 knots (43 km/h; 26 mph)[131] |
10 May 1915[126] | 15 December 1917[126] | Sunk, 28 July 1945[131] |
Hyūga (日向) | 6 May 1915[126] | 30 April 1918[126] | Sunk, 24 July 1945[131] |
Nagato class
The Nagato-class battleships (長門型戦艦, Nagato-gata senkan) were the third pair of dreadnoughts built during World War I, although they were not completed until after the end of the war.[133] Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923. Modernized during the 1930s, Nagato and her sister ship Mutsu briefly participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and Nagato was the flagship of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto during the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 that began the Pacific War.[134][135]
The sisters participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, although they did not see any combat.[136] Mutsu participated in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August before returning to Japan in early 1943.[134] One of her magazines exploded in June, destroying the ship.[137] Nagato spent most of the first two years of the war training in home waters. She was transferred to Truk in mid-1943, but did not see any combat until the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid-1944 when she was attacked by American aircraft. Nagato did not fire her main armament against enemy vessels until the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. She was lightly damaged during the battle and returned to Japan the following month for repairs. The IJN was running out of fuel by this time and decided not to fully repair her.[135] Nagato was converted into a floating anti-aircraft platform and assigned to coastal defense duties. After the war, the ship was a target for US nuclear weapon tests during Operation Crossroads in mid-1946. She survived the first test with little damage, but was sunk by the second test.[138]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Nagato (長門) | 4 × twin 41 cm (16.1 in) guns[139] | 12 in Vickers cemented armor[139]
|
32,200 long tons (32,720 t)[139] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph)[139] |
28 August 1917[133] | 25 November 1920[133] | Sunk during Operation Crossroads, 29/30 July 1946[139] |
Mutsu (陸奥) | 1 June 1918[133] | 24 October 1921[133] | Sunk by internal explosion, 8 June 1943[139] |
Tosa class
The Tosa-class battleships (土佐型戦艦, Tosa-gata Senkan) were ordered during the early 1920s. They were larger versions of the preceding Nagato class, and carried an additional twin-gun 41 cm turret. Both ships were launched in late 1921, but the first ship,
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Tosa (土佐) | 5 × twin 41 cm guns[144] | 11 in (280 mm) [144] | 39,300 long tons (39,900 t)[144] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph)[144] |
16 February 1920[144] | — | Scuttled, 9 February 1925[145] |
Kaga (加賀) | 19 July 1920[144] | 31 March 1928[144] | Converted into an aircraft carrier, sunk during the Battle of Midway, 4 June 1942[144] |
Kii class
The Kii-class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built during the 1920s. Only two of the ships received names. They were intended to reinforce Japan's "Eight-Eight fleet" of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced the reinitiation of a major naval construction program in 1919.[13] However, after the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, work on the ships was suspended; one pair was cancelled in November 1923 and the other in April 1924.[144]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Kii (紀伊) | 5 × twin 41 cm guns[144] | 292 mm (11.5 in)[144] | 41,900 long tons (42,600 t)[144] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 29.75 knots (55.1 km/h; 34.2 mph)[144] |
— | — | — |
Owari (尾張) | — | — | — | ||||
No. 11 | — | — | — | ||||
No. 12 | — | — | — |
Number 13 class
The Number 13-class battleship was a planned class of four fast battleships to be built after the Kii class during the 1920s. The ships never received any names, being known only as Numbers 13–16. They were intended to reinforce Japan's "Eight-Eight Fleet" of eight battleships and eight battlecruisers after the United States announced the reinitiation of a major naval construction program in 1919.[13] The Number 13 class was designed to be superior to all other existing battleships, planned or building. After the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1922, they were cancelled in November 1923 before construction could begin.[146]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
No. 13 | 4 × twin 45.7 cm (18 in) guns[147] | 330 mm (13 in)[147] | 46,700 long tons (47,500 t)[147] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)[147] |
— | — | — |
No. 14 | — | — | — | ||||
No. 15 | — | — | — | ||||
No. 16 | — | — | — |
Kongō-class battlecruiser
The Kongō-class battlecruisers were rebuilt as fast battleships during the 1920s and '30s. Their turbines and boilers were replaced by lighter, more powerful models, they were bulged to improve their underwater protection, their horizontal armor was increased and the range of their guns was increased.[15]
The Kongōs were the most active capital ships of the IJN during the Pacific War, participating in most of the major engagements. Hiei and Kirishima acted as escorts during the attack on Pearl Harbor, while Kongō and Haruna supported the Dutch East Indies Campaign. All four participated in the Battles of Midway and
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Kongō (金剛) | 4 × twin 14 in guns[149] | 8 in (203 mm)[150] | 31,648 long tons (32,156 t)[149] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 30.5 knots (56.5 km/h; 35.1 mph)[151] |
17 January 1911[152] | 16 August 1913[152] | Sunk, 21 November 1944[150] |
Hiei (比叡) | 4 November 1911[152] | 4 August 1914[152] | Sunk, 13 November 1942[150] | ||||
Haruna (榛名) | 16 March 1912[152] | 19 April 1915[152] | Sunk, 28 July 1945 [150] | ||||
Kirishima (霧島) | 17 March 1912[152] | Sunk, 15 November 1942[150] |
Yamato class
The Yamato-class battleships (大和型戦艦, Yamato-gata senkan) were built at the beginning of the Pacific War. The ships were the largest and most heavily armed battleships ever constructed.[154] Two ships, (Yamato and Musashi) were completed as battleships, while a third (Shinano) was converted to an aircraft carrier during construction. A fourth ship was scrapped while still under construction and a planned fifth ship was never begun.[155]
Due to the threat of American submarines and aircraft carriers and worsening fuel shortages, both Yamato and Musashi spent the majority of their careers in naval bases at Brunei, Truk, and Kure—deploying on several occasions in response to American raids on Japanese bases—before participating in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, as part of Vice Admiral Kurita's Center Force.[153][156] Musashi was sunk during the battle by American airplanes. Shinano was sunk ten days after her commissioning in November 1944 by the American submarine Archerfish while Yamato was sunk by US carrier aircraft in April 1945 during Operation Ten-Go.[155]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Yamato (大和) | 3 × triple 46 cm (18.1 in) guns[157]
|
410 mm[157] | 61,331 long tons (62,315 t)[157] | 4 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph)[157] |
4 November 1937[157] | 16 December 1941[157] | Sunk in air attack, 7 April 1945[157] |
Musashi (武蔵) | 29 March 1938[157] | 5 August 1942[157] | Sunk in air attack, 24 October 1944[157] | ||||
Shinano (信濃) | 4 May 1940[157] | 19 November 1944[157] | Converted to an aircraft carrier, sunk 28 November 1944[158] | ||||
No. 111 | 7 July 1940[157] | — | — |
Design A-150
"Design A-150", popularly known as the Super Yamato class, was a planned class of battleships. In keeping with the IJN's long-held doctrine of qualitative superiority, they were designed to be the most powerful battleships afloat. As part of this, the class would have been armed with six 51 cm (20.1 in) guns, the largest weapons carried aboard any warship in the world. Design work on the A-150s began after the preceding Yamato class was mostly finished by early 1941, when the Japanese began focusing on aircraft carriers and other smaller warships in preparation for the coming conflict. No A-150 would ever be laid down, and many details of the class' design were destroyed near the end of the war.[17]
Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Service | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
No. 798 | 3 × twin 51 cm (20.1 in) guns[159] | Probably 457 mm (18 in)[157] | Approximately 70,000 long tons (71,000 t)[160] | Unknown | — | — | — |
No. 799 | — | — | — |
References
Citations
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 15, 57–60.
- ^ Lengerer (March 2009), pp. 7–11.
- ^ a b Itani, Lengerer & Rehm-Takahara 1992, p. 53.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 85–86, 92–93, 110.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 116–132.
- ^ Stille 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 143, 150.
- ^ Stille 2008, p. 7.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 152.
- ^ Sandler 2004, p. 90.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 154, 159.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 160, 166–167, 565, fn. 24.
- ^ a b c Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 174.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 192, 194–197, 237.
- ^ a b Lengerer (March 2008), pp. 40–50.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 293–298.
- ^ a b Garzke & Dulin 1985, pp. 85–86.
- ^ a b Lengerer (September 2008), pp. 23, 27.
- ^ Forczyk 2009, pp. 41–44.
- ^ a b c Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 16.
- ^ Forczyk 2009, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Campbell 1978, p. 263.
- ^ New York Times, 24 October 1908.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Lengerer (March 2009), pp. 27, 36.
- ^ Brook 1999, p. 122.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, p. 327.
- ^ a b c Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 17.
- ^ Brook 1985, p. 268.
- ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 221.
- ^ Brook 1999, p. 124.
- ^ a b Forczyk 2009, pp. 51–52.
- ^ Campbell 1978, pp. 128–131, 263.
- ^ a b c d Preston 1972, p. 189.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Silverstone 1984, p. 336.
- ^ a b c Brook 1999, p. 126.
- ^ Brook 1999, pp. 125–126.
- ^ a b Brook 1999, p. 125.
- ^ Brook 1985, p. 274.
- ^ a b c Combined Fleet: Asahi.
- ^ a b c Lengerer (September 2008), p. 30.
- ^ a b Forczyk 2009, pp. 24, 41–46, 48–53.
- ^ Campbell 1978, pp. 128–135, 260.
- ^ Lengerer (September 2008), p. 27.
- ^ Lengerer (September 2008), p. 22.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, p. 326.
- ^ Campbell 1978, pp. 128–135, 260, 262.
- ^ Warner & Warner 2002, pp. 536–537.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 19.
- ^ a b Japan Times, 18 December 2011.
- ^ Morrison 2016.
- ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 222.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, pp. 18–19.
- ^ a b Silverstone 1984, p. 334.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 53, 84, 86, 90.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 163.
- ^ Forczyk 2009, pp. 41–43, 49–52.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 164.
- ^ a b Lengerer (September 2008), p. 52, Iwami.
- ^ McLaughlin 2008, pp. 54–55.
- ^ a b c McLaughlin 2003, p. 91.
- ^ Taras 2000, p. 24.
- ^ McLaughlin 2008, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d McLaughlin 2003, pp. 84–85, 90.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 84, 86, 90.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, p. 337.
- ^ Watts & Gordon 1971, p. 26.
- ^ a b McLaughlin 2003, p. 107.
- ^ a b McLaughlin 2003, p. 108.
- ^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 20.
- ^ Preston 1972, pp. 186, 207.
- ^ a b c d e McLaughlin 2003, pp. 107–108, 112–114.
- ^ McLaughlin 2008, p. 46.
- ^ Preston 1972, p. 207.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 48.
- ^ McLaughlin 2008, p. 49.
- ^ McLaughlin 2000, pp. 51, 61, 63.
- ^ Warner & Warner 2002, pp. 305–306.
- ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik 1979, p. 183.
- ^ a b c McLaughlin 2000, p. 64.
- ^ Lengerer (September 2008), p. 59, Hizen.
- ^ McLaughlin 2000, p. 57.
- ^ McLaughlin 2000, p. 58.
- ^ a b McLaughlin 2000, pp. 54–55.
- ^ McLaughlin 2000, p. 54.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 141, 167.
- ^ Campbell 1978, p. 238.
- ^ a b Forczyk 2009, pp. 70–71.
- ^ a b Lengerer (September 2008), p. 66, Iwami.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 146.
- ^ McLaughlin 2008, p. 69.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, p. 142.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 136–137.
- ^ a b McLaughlin 2003, p. 136.
- ^ McLaughlin 2003, pp. 137, 144.
- ^ a b c Preston 1972, p. 195.
- ^ a b Brook 1999, p. 128.
- ^ Brook 1985, pp. 279–281.
- ^ Preston 1972, p. 191.
- ^ a b c Brook 1985, p. 282.
- ^ Seagrave & Seagrave 1999, p. 105.
- ^ a b Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 227.
- ^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 22.
- ^ a b c d Silverstone 1984, p. 332.
- ^ Brook 1999, p. 282.
- ^ Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 238.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 23.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, pp. 325, 336.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Lengerer 2006, p. 74.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, pp. 150–151.
- ^ a b c d e f Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 24.
- ^ Evans & Peattie 1997, p. 160.
- ^ Lengerer 2006, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Lengerer 2006, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Combined Fleet: Settsu.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 229.
- ^ Silverstone 1984, pp. 328, 339.
- ^ Combined Fleet: Fuso.
- ^ Combined Fleet: Yamashiro.
- ^ Tully 2009, pp. 178–179, 216–218, 261.
- ^ Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 25.
- ^ a b Silverstone 1984, p. 328.
- ^ a b Silverstone 1984, p. 339.
- ^ a b c d e Whitley 1998, p. 193.
- ^ a b c Combined Fleet: Hyuga.
- ^ a b c Combined Fleet: Ise.
- ^ Lengerer 2009, pp. 39–40, 51–53.
- ^ Polmar & Genda 2006, p. 420.
- ^ a b c d e Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 230.
- ^ Lengerer 2011, p. 36.
- ^ a b c d e Whitley 1998, p. 200.
- ^ a b Combined Fleet: Mutsu.
- ^ a b Combined Fleet: Nagato.
- ^ Parshall & Tully 2007, pp. 382–383, 453.
- ^ Williams 2009, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Tully 2003.
- ^ a b c d e f Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 231.
- ^ Lengerer 2010, pp. 4, 10, 18–22, 25–26.
- ^ Lengerer 1982, p. 128.
- ^ Peattie 2001, pp. 50–51, 103–104.
- ^ Lengerer 1982, pp. 174–177.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 232.
- ^ Lengerer 2010, p. 26.
- ^ Breyer 1973, pp. 70–71, 356.
- ^ a b c d Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 235.
- ^ Stille 2008, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 31.
- ^ a b c d e Jentschura, Jung & Mickel 1977, p. 35.
- ^ Lengerer (March 2008), p. 47.
- ^ a b c d e f g Lengerer 2012, p. 145.
- ^ a b Combined Fleet: Yamato.
- ^ Whitley 1998, p. 208.
- ^ a b Whitley 1998, p. 206.
- ^ Combined Fleet: Musashi.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Chesneau 1980, p. 178.
- ^ Chesneau 1980, p. 184.
- ^ Garzke & Dulin 1985, p. 85.
- ^ Breyer 1973, p. 330.
Books
- Breyer, Siegfried (1973). Battleships and Battle Cruisers, 1905–1970. Doubleday. OCLC 702840.
- Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Export: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-89-4.
- Campbell, N. J. M. (1978). "The Battle of Tsu-Shima". In ISBN 0-87021-976-6.
- Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
- Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
- Evans, David C. & ISBN 0-87021-192-7.
- Forczyk, Robert (2009). Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-330-8.
- Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-907-3.
- Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II. Naval Institute Press. OCLC 12613723.
- Itani, Jiro; Lengerer, Hans & Rehm-Takahara, Tomoko (1992). "Japan's Proto-Battlecruisers: The Tsukuba and Kurama Classes". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Warship 1992. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 47–79. ISBN 0-85177-603-5.
- Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
- Lengerer, Hans (1982). "Akagi & Kaga". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship VI. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 127–139, 170–177, 305–310. ISBN 0-87021-981-2.
- Lengerer, Hans (2009). "Ise and Hyûga: The IJN's Hybrid Battleship-Carriers". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2009. London: Conway. pp. 39–54. ISBN 978-1-84486-089-0.
- Lengerer, Hans (2012). "The Battlecruisers of the Kongô Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2012. London: Conway. pp. 142–161. ISBN 978-1-84486-156-9.
- McLaughlin, Stephen (2000). Preston, Antony (ed.). The Retvizan: An American Battleship for the Czar. Warship 2000–2001. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-791-0.
- McLaughlin, Stephen (2003). Russian & Soviet Battleships. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-481-4.
- Parshall, Jonathan & Tully, Anthony (2007). Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway. Washington, D. C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-57488-924-6.
- ISBN 1-55750-432-6.
- Polmar, Norman & ISBN 978-1-57488-663-4.
- Preston, Antony (1972). Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918. Galahad Books. ISBN 0-88365-300-1.
- Sandler, Stanley (2004). Battleships: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Weapons and Warfare. ABC Clio. ISBN 1-85109-410-5.
- Seagrave, Sterling & Seagrave, Peggy (1999). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. Broadway Books. ISBN 0-76790-496-6.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Stille, Mark (2008). Imperial Japanese Navy Battleships 1941–45. New Vanguard. Vol. 146. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-280-6.
- Taras, Alexander (2000). Корабли Российского императорского флота 1892–1917 гг [Ships of the Imperial Russian Navy 1892–1917] (in Russian). Kharvest. ISBN 978-985-433-888-0.
- Tully, Anthony (2009). Battle of Surigao Strait. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35242-2.
- Warner, Denis & Warner, Peggy (2002). The Tide at Sunrise: A History of the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905 (2nd ed.). Frank Cass. ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.
- Watts, Anthony John & Gordon, Brian G. (1971). The Imperial Japanese Navy. Doubleday. ISBN 0385012683.
- Whitley, M. J. (1998). Battleships of World War II. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-184-X.
- Williams, Mike (2009). "Mutsu – An Exploration of the Circumstances Surrounding her Loss". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2009. London: Conway. pp. 125–142. ISBN 978-1-84486-089-0.
Journals
- Brook, Peter (1985). "Armstrong Battleships for Japan". Warship International. XXII (3). International Naval Research Organization: 268–282. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships Kawachi and Settsu". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I): 66–84. (subscription required) (contact the editor at [email protected] for subscription information)
- Lengerer, Hans (March 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The Kongô Class: Battle-Cruisers, Battleships and High-Speed Battleships – Part III". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper IV): 40–50. (subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Japanese Battleships and Battlecruisers – Part II". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V): 6–79. (subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (March 2009). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Japanese Battleships and Battlecruisers – Part III". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper VI): 7–55. (subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (June 2010). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Battleships of the Kaga Class and the so-called Tosa Experiments". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Special Paper I). (subscription required)
- Lengerer, Hans (March 2011). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The Japanese 14"-Gunned Battleships: An Abstract of the Fusō and Ise Classes – Part I". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper X): 5–42.(subscription required)
- McLaughlin, Stephen (September 2008). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "Peresvet and Pobéda". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper V): 45–49. (subscription required)
News
- "Tokio Enthusiasts Nearly Mob Sperry". New York Times. 24 October 1908. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- Corkill, Ednan (18 December 2011). "How The Japan Times Saved a Foundering Battleship, Twice". The Japan Times. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
- Morrison, Geoffrey (5 August 2016). "Japan's 114-year-old battleship Mikasa: A relic of another time". CNET. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
Combined Fleet
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Repair Ship Asahi: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Fuso: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2016). "IJN Hyuga: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander & Ahlberg, Lars (2016). "IJN Ise: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Battleship Musashi: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander & Ahlberg, Lars (2017). "IJN Mutsu: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander & Ahlberg, Lars (2016). "IJN Nagato: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2018). "IJN Settsu: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob (2017). "IJN Yamashiro: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- Hackett, Bob & Kingsepp, Sander (2016). "IJN Yamato: Tabular Record of Movement". Combined Fleet. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
- Tully, Anthony (2003). "Nagato's Last Year: July 1945 – July 1946". Mysteries/Untold Sagas of the Imperial Japanese Navy. Combined Fleet. Retrieved 9 May 2019.