Japanese people in Hong Kong
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Japanese people in Hong Kong consist primarily of expatriate business people and their families, along with a smaller number of single women.[3] Their numbers are smaller when compared to the sizeable presence of American, British, and Canadian expatriates. As of 2010[update], 21,518 Japanese people had registered as residents of Hong Kong with the Japanese consulate there.[4] Hong Kong also remains a popular destination for Japanese tourists on their way to Mainland China; in 2004, the Japanese consulate reported the arrival of more than one million Japanese tourists.[5]
According to the 2021 population census in Hong Kong, there are 10,291 Japaneses living in Hong Kong, plenty of them living in Eastern District and Kowloon City District,[6] such as Taikoo Shing, Sai Wan Ho and Hung Hom area.
History
Origins
Japanese migration to Hong Kong was noted as early as the latter years of the Tokugawa shogunate. With the forced end of the sakoku policy, which prohibited Japanese people from leaving Japan, regular ship services began between Japan, Hong Kong and Shanghai; Japanese merchants and karayuki slowly began to settle overseas.[7] By 1880, 26 men and 60 women of Japanese nationality were recorded as living in Hong Kong; the total population would reach 200 by the end of the Meiji era in 1912.[8] To the displeasure of the Japanese government, which was concerned with protecting its image overseas, many of these early migrants were prostitutes called Karayuki-san. The early ones were often stowaways on coal ships from Nagasaki.[9]
By 1885, Japanese consul Minami Sadatsuke, had obtained some level of informal co-operation from the British colonial authorities in suppressing Japanese participation in prostitution: the number of Japanese women granted prostitution licences would be limited to fifty-two, and others who applied for licences would be referred to his office, whereupon he would arrange for their repatriation to Japan or have them confined to the lock hospital in Wan Chai.[9] Later, their geographical origins seemed to have shifted; a 1902 report by Japanese consul Noma Seiichi identified Moji in Kyushu as the most common port of origin for these young women;[10] recruiters often targeted young women coming out of the Mojikō Station near the docks.[11] However, the Japanese consulate had little co-operation from the local Japanese community in their efforts to suppress prostitution; Japanese businesspeople in the hospitality industry depended on custom from prostitutes and their johns for its profits.[9]
Anti-Japanese riots of 1931
Following the
The worst crime of the riots was the murder of a Japanese family.
The Imperial Japanese Occupation and Japanese civilians
The Japanese population did not grow much in the following decade; though Japanese schools continued to operate in
The existing institutions of the Japanese civilian population in Hong Kong were co-opted by the military for their own purposes; for example, the Hong Kong News, a Japanese language newspaper, ceased publication in Japanese, but continued operations in Chinese and English versions, printing officially-approved news of the occupation government.
Post-World War II
As the Japanese economy recovered from the effects of World War II and began its boom, Japanese investment overseas grew, resulting in an increase in the Japanese population living in Hong Kong. The
The
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The
Attitude towards integration
Japanese communities abroad have been described as "Japanese villages abroad ... whose residents make maintenance of cultural, economic, and political ties with Tokyo their foremost concern"; however, Wong's 2001 study of Yaohan employees refuted this notion in the case of businesswomen working in Hong Kong.[30] Though the majority of Japanese coming to Hong Kong continued to be businessmen and their families, during the 1990s, there was a "boom" of single Japanese women emigrating to escape the male-oriented environment of Japanese domestic workplaces; unlike previous migration, which had often been targeted towards Anglophone countries, many of these women went to Hong Kong and other Asian cities in an effort to further their careers. Notably, in one survey, a third of the single or divorced women coming to Hong Kong during this period reported previous study abroad experience. Not only were single women more willing to emigrate, but Japanese companies in Hong Kong proved more willing to hire and promote women than those in Japan, partially due to the costs of employing male staff, which typically included allowances for children's education and other such expatriate benefits.[31]
Within Japanese-managed companies, local Chinese employees sensed a definite power differential between Japanese managers and local managers of the same rank.[32] Though many Japanese women came to Hong Kong intending to learn to speak Chinese (either Cantonese or Mandarin), upon arrival they found that communicating in English was not only sufficient for everyday life, but placed them in a privileged position vis-a-vis the local population.[33] Among respondents to the 2011 Census who self-identified as Japanese, 77.4% stated that they spoke Japanese as their usual language, 17.2% English, 3.9% Cantonese, and 1.0% Mandarin. With regards to additional spoken languages other than their usual language, 64.3% stated that they spoke English, 18.7% Cantonese, 18.7% Mandarin, and 19.5% Japanese. (Multiple responses were permitted to the latter question, hence the responses are non-exclusive and the sum is greater than 100%.) 4.1% did not speak Japanese as either their usual language nor an additional language, while the respective figures for English, Cantonese, and Mandarin were 18.4%, 77.4%, and 81.3%.[2]
Education
The
The Hong Kong Japanese Supplementary School (香港日本人補習授業校, Honkon Nihonjin Hoshū Jugyō Kō, HKJSS) is a
The first Japanese primary school, operated by the Japanese Club, opened in a campus on Kennedy Road in 1911. At the time most Japanese expatriates did not bring their families and there were fewer than 100 Japanese children at any one time, so the school had a relatively low enrollment.[36]
Media
The Hong Kong Post is the Japanese-language newspaper of Hong Kong.
Recreation
There is a social club for Japanese people in Hong Kong, The Hongkong Japanese Club (Chinese and Japanese: 香港日本人倶楽部), which has its building in
A group of Japanese business executives established the Japanese Club in 1905, and its clubhouse in Central opened in 1906. It became the centre of Hong Kong's Japanese community since the Japanese consulate lacked proper funds and staff to take that role. It became known as the Japanese Association in 1921.[36]
Notable individuals
- Scott MacKenzie, darts player, born in Brazil to mixed Japanese and Scottish parentage. Moved to the UK aged 6, then to Hong Kong in 1996, which he represents at a professional international level.
- Hong Kong National Football Team
References
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Citations
- ^ [1] Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas
- ^ a b "Table 4.5: Proportion of ethnic minorities aged 5 and over able to speak selected languages/dialects, 2011" (PDF). 2011 Census Thematic Report: Ethnic Minorities (PDF). Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department. December 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ^ Sakai 2001, p. 32
- ^ MOFA 2010, p. 18
- ^ a b 日港關係 [Japan-Hong Kong Relations], Consulate General of Japan in Hong Kong, 2005, retrieved 21 December 2006
- ^ "Thematic Report : Ethnic Minorities" (PDF). Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- ^ Liu 2000
- ^ Okuda 1937
- ^ a b c Mihalous 2012, Nagasaki, Kuchinotsu, Coal, and Migration Routes
- ^ Mihalous 2012, Commercial shipping
- ^ Mihalous 2012, Social Knowledge: Working Maps of an Informal Kind
- ^ Ma 2001, pp. 14–15
- ^ Ma 2001, pp. 17–19
- ^ Kuo 2006
- ^ Ma 2001, pp. 22–23
- ^ Ma 2001, p. 32
- ^ Jordan 2001, p. 22
- ^ Yu 2000, p. 38
- ^ Ma 2001, p. 20
- ^ a b Banham 2005, p. 24
- ^ Han 1982, p. 10
- ^ Yu 2000, p. 39
- ^ 理事長メッセージ [Message from the director] (PDF), Hong Kong Japanese School, archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010, retrieved 7 September 2009
- ^ 香港ポストについて [About the Hong Kong Post], HK Post, archived from the original on 28 March 2007, retrieved 7 September 2009
- ^ Sakai 2001, p. 132
- ^ Wong 1999, p. 182
- ^ CSD 2001, p. 6
- ^ 海外在留邦人数調査統計 統計表一覧 | 外務省 (in Japanese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan).
- Hong Kong Census
- ^ Wong 2001, pp. 52–56
- ^ Sakai 2001, pp. 136–138
- ^ Wong 1999, p. 166
- ^ Sakai 2001, p. 142
- ^ アジアの補習授業校一覧(平成25年4月15日現在) (in Japanese). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Hong Kong Japanese Supplementary School 1/F, YMCA Kowloon Centre, 23 Waterloo Road, Kowloon (C/O YMCA International and Mainland Affairs Section)
- ^ "Home." Hong Kong Japanese Supplementary School. Retrieved on 14 February 2015.
- ^ .
- ^ "Location & Contact". The Hongkong Japanese Club. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
香港銅鑼灣謝斐道535號 , Tower 535, 5樓 & 9樓 Unit 902, 9/F, Tower 535, 535 Jaffe Road, Causeway bay, Hong Kong
- ^ "Japanese club opens door to foreigners". South China Morning Post. 17 December 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
Sources
- Kuo, Huei-ying (August 2006), "Chinese bourgeois nationalism in Hong Kong and Singapore in the 1930s", Journal of Contemporary Asia, 36 (3): 385–405, S2CID 155035750
- Banham, Tony (2005), Not the slightest chance: The defence of Hong Kong, 1941, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
- Jordan, Donald (2001), China's Trial by Fire: The Shanghai War of 1932, University of Michigan Press
- Ma, Yiu-chung (2001), Hong Kong's responses to the Sino-Japanese conflicts from 1931 to 1941 : Chinese nationalism in a British colony, PhD Thesis, Department of History, Hong Kong University, doi:10.5353/th_b3122492 (inactive 12 April 2024), retrieved 22 December 2006)
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: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link - Mihalous, Bill (27 August 2012), "Women and Overseas Sex Work and Globalization in Meiji Japan", The Asia-Pacific Journal, 10 (35), retrieved 27 August 2012
- Sakai, Chie (2001), "The Japanese community in Hong Kong in the 1990s: the diversity of strategies and intentions", Global Japan: The Experience of Japan's New Immigrants and Overseas Communities, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 131–146
- Wong, Dixon (2001), "Japanese businesswomen of Yaohan Hong Kong: Towards a diversified model of a Japanese "ethnoscape"", Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in America, Asia and Europe, United Kingdom: Routledge
- 2001 Population Census Thematic Report – Ethnic Minorities (PDF), Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department, December 2001, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2007, retrieved 21 December 2006
- Liu, Jianhui (November 2000), 大陸アジアに開かれた日本 [Japan, Opened to Continental Asia] (PDF) (in Japanese), Nichibunken, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2007, retrieved 21 December 2006; only abstract freely available
- Yu, Patrick Shuk-Siu (2000), A Seventh Child and the Law, Hong Kong University Press
- Wong, Dixon (1999), Japanese Bosses, Chinese Workers: power and control in a Hong Kong megastore, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-8248-2257-6
- Han, Wing-Tak (1982), "Bureaucracy and the Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong", Japan in Asia, Nineteen Hundred and Forty-Two Thru Nineteen Hundred and Forty-Five, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore University Press, pp. 7–24
- Okuda, Otojiro (1937), 明治初年に於ける香港日本人 [Japanese in Hong Kong in the Early Meiji Period] (in Japanese), Taipei: 台湾総督府熱帶產業調査會, OCLC 33750570
- MOFA (2010), 海外在留邦人数調査統計 (PDF), Japan: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retrieved 26 April 2011
Further reading
- Lam, Wing-Sze (16 June 2005). 嫁雞隨雞,嫁狗隨狗?: 隨丈夫來港的日本婦 [The Adventures of Japanese Housewives in Hong Kong] (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong Anthropological Society.
- Mathews, Gordon (2001). "A collision of discourses: Japanese and Hong Kong Chinese during the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands crisis". Globalizing Japan: Ethnography of the Japanese Presence in America, Asia and Europe. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28566-7.
- Mathews, Gordon; Sone, Akiko (2003). 香港日本人中的`日本人'和`非日本人'之間的衝突 [The Struggle Between "Japanese" and "non-Japanese" Among Japanese in Hong Kong] (in Traditional Chinese). Warsaw: Japan Anthropology Workshop, European Association for Japanese Studies Conference.
- Ng, Benjamin Wai-ming (7 October 2005). "Chapter 6 – Making of a Japanese Community in Prewar Period (1841–1941)". In Chu, Cindy Yik-yi (ed.). Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s. ISBN 9781403980557.
- Sone, Akiko (2002). 'Being Japanese' in a Foreign Place: Cultural Identities of Japanese in Hong Kong. M.A. dissertation. Anthropology Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong. OCLC 51761825.
External links
- (in Japanese) Hong Kong Post, a Japanese-language newspaper
- (in Japanese) Hong Kong Japanese School Archived 19 October 2020 at the international school for Japanese students
- "%E5%A5%B9%E4%BE%86%E8%87%AA%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC".