Nihonjin gakkō

Nihonjin gakkō (日本人学校, lit. School for Japanese people), also called Japanese school, is a full-day school outside

repatriate

to Japan.

The schools offer exactly the same

elementary and junior high schools in Japan, so when the students go back to Japan, they will not fall behind in the class. Some schools accept Japanese citizens only; others welcome Japanese speaking students regardless of citizenship.^[3]

They are accredited by Japan's

Ministry of education and science and receive funding from the Japanese government. There were 85 schools worldwide as of April 2006,^[4]

and all of these schools provide English classes in the primary education.

Every school hires teachers from Japan on a two- to three-year assignment, but they also hire people from the local community as Japanese-speaking teachers, English and other language instructors, administrative assistants, gardeners, janitors and security guards.

Nihonjin gakkō serve elementary school and junior high school.[5] One nihonjin gakkō, Shanghai Japanese School, has a senior high school program.^[6]

Schools that partially offer the nihonjin gakkō's curriculum after school hours or on weekends are sometimes called Japanese schools, too, but strictly speaking they are categorized as

Shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu [ja

].

History

The Shanghai Japanese School (Pudong Campus pictured) is the only nihonjin gakkō in the world that offers senior high school classes.

Some of the nihonjin gakkō in Asia have a long history, originally established as public schools in the Japan-occupied territories in Thailand, Philippines, and Taiwan.^{[citation needed]}
As Japan recovered after
Japanese School of Bangkok, which opened in 1956.^[8]

Japanese School in Barcelona

The
developed countries. However, some Japanese parents in developed countries, in addition to those in developing countries, campaigned for the opening of nihonjin gakkō in developed countries due to concern about the education of their children.^[9]

In 1971, there were 22 nihonjin gakkō worldwide.
Melbourne. As of May of that year 968 teachers from Japan were teaching at these Japanese schools worldwide. That month 15,811 students were enrolled in those schools.^[10] The number of nihonjin gakkō increased to 82 by 1987.^[9]

Japanische Internationale Schule in Düsseldorf

In the early 1980s, 40% of Japanese national children living in Europe attended nihonjin gakkō, while almost 95% of Japanese national children living abroad in Asia attended nihonjin gakkō.^[9]
Many Japanese parents abroad sent their children to Japan to attend high school after they completed the junior high school abroad, or leaving the children behind, so they could become accustomed to the difficult Japanese university entrance systems. Toshio Iwasaki, the editor of the
Journal of Japanese Trade & Industry, stated that this reason inhibited the development of Japanese senior high schools in other countries.^[7] The first overseas international schools that served the senior high school level were the Rikkyo School in England,^[7] gaining senior high school level classes after 1975,^[11] and the Lycée Seijo in France, which opened in 1986. By 1991 Japanese international senior high schools were in operation in the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany, Denmark, and Ireland.^[7]

By 1991 many overseas Japanese high schools were accepting students who were resident in Japan, and some wealthier families in Japan chose to send their children to Japanese schools abroad instead of Japanese schools in Japan.[12]
While Japan was experiencing a major
Lost Decade in the 1990s, so were nihonjin gakkō. Many of them were closed due to a dramatic decrease in enrollment.^{[citation needed}
]
With its rapidly growing economy, China is an exception. Schools in Beijing, Shanghai and Hong Kong^{[citation needed]} have been expanding and new schools had founded in Dalian, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Qingdao, Suzhou since 1991.^{[citation needed]}
By 2004 there were 83 Japanese day schools in 50 countries.^[8]

Characteristics

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Japanese School in London

Nihonjin gakkō use Japanese as their language of instruction. The curriculum is approved by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) so that students may easily adjust upon returning to Japan.^[8] For foreign language classes, each school usually teaches English and, if different, a major local language of the country.^[8]^[13] Most nihonjin gakkō do not admit people lacking Japanese citizenship.^[8] This practice differs from those of American and British international schools, which do admit students of other nationalities.^[14] Nihonjin gakkō usually use the Japanese academic calendar instead of those of their host countries.^[15]

Tendencies

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Japanese School of Prague

As of 2005–2007, parents of Japanese nationality residing in the United States and Europe,^[8] as well as other industrialized and developed regions,^[16] generally prefer local schools over nihonjin gakkō, while Japanese parents in Asia and the Middle East prefer nihonjin gakkō.^[8]
In 2003 11,579 Japanese students living in Asia (outside Japan) attended full-time Japanese schools, making up more than 70% of the Japanese students in Asia.^[17] In Oceania, 194 Japanese pupils attended full-time Japanese schools, making up 7.7% of the total Japanese students in Oceania.^[18] In North America there were 502 students at full-time Japanese schools, making up 2.4% of Japanese pupils on that continent.^[17] As of 2007, there were a total of three nihonjin gakkō on the U.S. mainland recognized by MEXT.^[19]
Since the early 1990s, more parents have chosen a local school or an international school over nihonjin gakkō.^{[citation needed]} Reasons include:

The parents prefer for their children to receive education in English;

Nihonjin gakkō have only
Shiritsu zaigai kyōiku shisetsu (私立在外教育施設), Japanese boarding schools worldwide.^{[citation needed}
]

The parents' desire to acculturate their children;

Many private and public Japanese schools have become flexible and accept expatriate students via a separate admissions system, or by offering exams in English.

Locations

Nihonjin gakkō tend to be in the following types of areas in the world:

Those with a large Japanese temporary resident population, such as London or New York City.
Those where English is not the official language, such as Düsseldorf, São Paulo, Mexico City, Lima, Dubai, Shanghai and Kuala Lumpur.

As of October 2006:^[20]