Jim Steranko
Jim Steranko | |
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Born | James F. Steranko November 5, 1938 Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Area(s) | Writer, Artist, Publisher |
Notable works |
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James F. Steranko
His most famous comic book work was with the 1960s
He was inducted into the comic-book industry's
Early life
Steranko was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. According to Steranko's authorized biography, his grandparents emigrated from Ukraine to settle in the anthracite coal-mining region of eastern Pennsylvania. Steranko's father, one of nine siblings, began working in the mines at age 10, and as an adult became a tinsmith.[3] Steranko later said his father and uncles "would bootleg coal – they would go up into a mountain and open up a shaft."[4] One of three children, all boys,[5] Steranko spent his early childhood during the American Great Depression living in a three-room house with a tar-paper roof and outhouse toilet facilities. He slept on a couch in the nominal living room until he was more than 10 years old.[3] Steranko's father and five uncles showed musical inclination, performing in a band that played on Reading radio in the 1930s, Steranko has said.[6]
Steranko recalled beginning school at age 4.[7] Later, "Because my father had tuberculosis (and I tested positive), I began third grade at what was called an 'open-window' school, a facility across the city that had a healthy program for kids with special problems. I was bused to school for four years, then dropped into standard junior high."[7] There, being smaller and younger than his classmates, he found himself a target for bullies and young gang-members[7] until he studied boxing and self-defense at the local YMCA and began to successfully fight back.[8] His youngest brother was born when Steranko was 14, "severing even the minimal interaction between me and my parents."[9]
Steranko had begun drawing while very young, opening and flattening envelopes from the mail to use as sketch paper. Despite his father's denigration of Steranko's artistic talent, and the boy's ambition to become an architect, Steranko paid for his art supplies by collecting discarded
Steranko in 1978 described some influences and their impact on his creative philosophy:
Early influences were Chester Gould's [comic strip] Dick Tracy (not particularly in my drawing style but in subject matter and an approach to drama), Hal Foster, and Frank Robbins' [comic strip] Johnny Hazard. I still think Robbins is one of the greatest storytellers of all time. Fans seem to have a lot less [of an] opinion of Robbins for some reason, just because they're more enamored of lines. Fans seem to think that the more lines that go into a drawing the better it is. Actually, the opposite is generally true. The fewer lines you can put into a drawing the quicker it reads, and the simpler it is. [Alex] Toth is one of the few guys who can simplify an illustration to a minimum of lines with a maximum of impact.[12]
Career
Illusionist and musician
By his account, Steranko learned
Up through his early 20s, Steranko performed as an
Comics historian
Early art career
During the day, Steranko made his living as an artist for a printing company in his hometown of Reading, designing and drawing
He initially entered the comics industry in 1957,
Steranko also approached Marvel Comics in 1966.[25] He met with editor Stan Lee, who had Steranko ink a two-page Jack Kirby sample of typical art for the superspy feature "Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." Steranko self-published it in 1970 in the limited-edition "Steranko Portfolio One"; it appeared again 30 years later in slightly altered form in the 2000 trade-paperback collection Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. This led to Lee's assigning him the Nick Fury feature in Strange Tales, a "split book" that shared each issue with another feature. Future Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, then a staff writer, recalled,
[H]e came up to the office ... and I was sent out by Sol [Brodsky] to look at his work and basically brush him off. Stan was busy and didn't want to be bothered that day. But when I saw Jim's work, ... on an impulse I took it in to Sol and said, 'I think Stan should see this'. Sol agreed, and took it in to Stan. Stan brought Steranko into his office, and Jim left with the 'S.H.I.E.L.D.' assignment. ... I think Jim's legacy to Marvel was demonstrating that there were ways in which the Kirby style could be mutated, and many artists went off increasingly in their own directions after that.[26][27]
Silver Age Steranko
Lee and Kirby had initiated the 12-page "Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." feature in Strange Tales #135 (Aug. 1965), with Kirby supplying such inventive and enduring gadgets and hardware as the
Steranko began his stint on the feature by
"Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D." soon became one of the creative zeniths of the Silver Age, and one of comics' most groundbreaking, innovative and acclaimed features. Wrote
His peers took note of his experimentation. Writer-artist Larry Hama, in an introduction to Nick Fury collection, said Steranko "combined the figurative dynamism of Jack Kirby with modern design concepts", and recostumed Fury from suits and ties to "a form-fitting bodysuit with numerous zippers and pockets, like a Wally Wood spacesuit revamped by Pierre Cardin. The women were clad in form-fitting black leather a la Emma Peel in the Avengers TV show. The graphic influences of Peter Max, Op Art and Andy Warhol were embedded into the design of the pages – and the pages were designed as a whole, not just as a series of panels. All this, executed in a crisp, hard-edged style, seething with drama and anatomical tension."[31]
Steranko introduced or popularized in comics such art movements of the day as psychedelia and op art, drawing specifically on the "aesthetic of [Salvador] Dalí," with inspiration from Richard M. Powers, ultimately synthesizing a style he termed "Zap Art."[11][29] A.M. Viturtia notes Steranko drew on the James Bond novels, and claims that the influence went both ways: "Although Steranko was primarily influenced by spy movies, after Nick Fury came on the comics scene, the directors of those same movies began to borrow heavily from Steranko himself!" He absorbed, adapted and built upon the groundbreaking work of Jack Kirby, both in the use of photomontage (particularly for cityscapes), and in the use of full- and double-page-spreads. Indeed, in Strange Tales #167 (Jan. 1968), Steranko created comics' first four-page spread, upon which panorama he or editor Lee bombastically noted, "to get the full effect, of course, requires a second ish [copy of the issue] placed side-by-side, but we think you'll find it to be well worth the price to have the wildest action scene ever in the history of comics!"[32] All the while, Steranko spun outlandishly action-filled plots of intrigue, barely sublimated sensuality, and a cool-jazz hi-fi hipness.
Writer Steven Ringgenberg assessed that
Steranko's Marvel work became a benchmark of '60s pop culture, combining the traditional comic book art styles of
Countess Valentina (Val) Allegro De Fontaine [sic; "Valentina Allegra di Fontaine"] made her debut in Strange Tales #159 (Aug. 1967) by flooring Nick Fury during a training session, proving that she could take care of herself! She looked like a character who had just stepped out of a James Bond poster.[33]
She and Steranko's other skintight leather-clad version of
So one panel had the stereo in Fury's apartment to show there was music playing, cigarettes in the ash tray in one, there was a sequence of intercut shots where she moved closer to him, much more intimately, there was a kiss, there was a rose, and then there was one panel with the telephone off the hook, which the comic book code [sic; "Comics Code"] made him put back on. ... [T]he last panel on that page had Nick and his old lady kneeling, with their arms around each other, and that was entirely too much for the Code, so the panel was replaced with a picture of a gun in its holster.[34]
When reprinted in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Who Is Scorpio? (Marvel Enterprises, 2001;
Fury's adventures continued in his own series, for which Steranko contributed four 20-page stories: "Who is
Steranko also had short runs on X-Men (#50–51, Nov.–Dec. 1968), for which he designed a new cover logo,[35] and Captain America (#110–111, 113, Feb.–March, May 1969).[23] Steranko introduced the Madame Hydra character in his brief Captain America run.[36] With no new work immediately forthcoming, a "Marvel Bullpen Bulletins" fan page in spring 1969 announced that, "In case you've been wondering what happened to Jaunty Jim Steranko, ... [he] is working on a brand-new feature, which will shortly be spotlighted in Marvel Super-Heroes. And talk about a secret – he hasn't even told us what it is!"[37] The referred-to project never appeared.
Steranko went on to write and draw a horror story that precipitated a breakup with Marvel. Though that seven-page tale, "At the Stroke of Midnight", published in Tower of Shadows #1 (Sept. 1969),[38] would win a 1969 Alley Award, editor Lee, who had already rejected Steranko's cover for that issue, clashed with Steranko over panel design, dialog, and the story title, initially "The Lurking Fear at Shadow House". According to Steranko at a 2006 panel[35] and elsewhere, Lee disliked or did not understand the homage to horror author H. P. Lovecraft, and devised his own title for the story. After much conflict, Steranko either quit or was fired. Lee phoned him about a month later, after the two had cooled down.[35]
In a contemporaneous interview, conducted November 14, 1969, Steranko reflected on the tiff:
The reason I had a little altercation with them is because they edited some of my work. They changed certain things that I didn't feel should be changed. And I insisted that we couldn't continue on that basis. ... For example, my horror story "At the Stroke of Midnight" had a line of dialogue added. The meek husband said, "I'm nervous because it's closer to midnight" or something like that; simply a gratuitous line. It wasn't my title and it didn't have that line in it. Stan originally wanted that story to be called "Let Them Eat Cake," which I didn't approve of. We had disagreements about the way I told stories. ... If you're a publisher and you want my work, you get it my way or you don't get it at all. ... Anyway, I have an agreement now, a working agreement with them, and everything's cool.[39]
Summing up this initial stint in comics, Steranko said in 1979,
I was getting the top pay at Marvel, along with Kirby and John Buscema, and I felt privileged to be considered in their class. Both of them were better comic artists. But working at Marvel was also a serious cut in pay compared to my advertising work. My life was hectic then. I worked as the art director for an ad agency in the afternoon, played in a rock band at night, and worked on my comic book pages early in the morning. It's a peculiar thing, but the more I learned about storytelling, the slower I became. Eventually I had to stop playing in the band; later I left the agency. There were plenty of hassles with Stan Lee, of course. I felt that if I was good enough to work for them, then they should accept my work without a lot of maddening editorial changes. But now, I think I may have been wrong. After all, Marvel was paying the tab. Stan is a great editor. He stresses storytelling and really knows the comics business, probably better than anyone else.[40]
Steranko returned briefly to Marvel, contributing a romance story ("My Heart Broke in Hollywood", Our Love Story #5, Feb. 1970)[41] and becoming the cover artist for 15 comics beginning with Doc Savage #2–3, Shanna the She-Devil #1–2, and Supernatural Thrillers #1–2 (each successively cover-dated Dec. 1972 and Feb. 1973), and ending with the reprint comic Nick Fury and his Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (April 1973).[11][23]
Publisher and paperback artist
In 1973, Steranko became founding editor of Marvel's official fan magazine,
Steranko then branched into other areas of publishing, including most notably book-cover illustration. Lacking any experience as a painter, his decision to effectively quit comics in 1969 led him to "an artist friend who earned his living as a painter", from whom Steranko obtained an "hour-long lecture", and the suggestion that he work in
Steranko also formed his own publishing company, Supergraphics, in 1969, and the following year worked with writer-entrepreneur
Supergraphics projects included the proposed Talon the Timeless, illustrations of which appeared in a
Steranko wrote, drew, and produced the illustrated novel
Film and television work
For the film industry, Steranko has done sketches and preliminary paintings for movie posters,
In 2003, Steranko was interviewed by the
He has "amassed an enormous portfolio of more than sixty projects (which he called the 'Theater of Concepts') designed to be seen in multimedia form".[11]
Philanthropy
In a joint venture with Marvel Comics and Diamond Comic Distributors, Vanguard Productions in 2002 sponsored Steranko's "The Spirit of America" benefit print,[63] created to fund an art scholarship "for victims of anti-American terrorism".[64]
Awards and recognition
Steranko has won awards in fields as varied as magic, comics and graphic design. A partial list includes:
- In addition to himself being inducted into the Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. was inducted into comic fandom's Alley AwardHall of Fame in 1969.
- Steranko won three 1968 Alley Awards, for Best Pencil Artist, Best Feature Story ("Today Earth Died", Strange Tales #168; first page depicted above), and Best Cover (Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #6).[65]
- The following year, he won 1969 Alley Awards for Best Feature Story ("At the Stroke of Midnight", Tower of Shadows #1) and Best Cover (Captain America #113).
- 1970 Shazam Award: Outstanding Achievement by an Individual: Jim Steranko (for The Steranko History of Comics)
- 1975 Inkpot Award[66]
- 2003 Dragon Con's Julie Award[20]
- 2015 Harvey Award for Best Domestic Reprint Project for Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Artist's Edition
- 2016 Steranko made a special appearance to honor the 2016 Inkwell Awards Ceremony at HeroesCon.[67][68][69]
Exhibitions
Steranko's work has been exhibited internationally in more than 160 shows.[11] Among others, his work has been shown in the following locations:
- The Louvre Museum, Paris, France (1967)
- The Winnipeg Art Gallery, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (1978)
- The Sydney Opera House, New South Wales, Australia (January 1986)
- The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio (2022)
Bibliography
Screenwriting
Television
- Justice League Unlimited (2005)
References
- ^ "James F. Steranko, Reading, PA, 72 years old". PeopleFinders.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2011.
- ^ Miller, John Jackson (June 10, 2005). "Comics Industry Birthdays". Comics Buyer's Guide. Iola, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011.
- ^ a b Steranko, Jim; Spurlock, J. David; de la Calle, Angel (2002). Steranko Arte Noir. Vanguard Productions / Semana Negra. pp. 11–12.
- ^ a b c Ross, Jonathan (July 21, 2010). "Jonathan Ross Meets Jim Steranko, His Comic-Book Hero". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011.
- ^ "At Interview with THE Artist ... Jim Steranko: ' ... local boy makes good.'" (PDF). Fantastic Fanzine (11). Gary Groth. Via Meyer, Ken. Jr. 1970. p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2011.
indicia reads, "Next issue due out June 20"
"Ink Stains 23: Fantastic Fanzine 11". ComicAttack.net. October 1, 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. - ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, p. 18
- ^ a b c Steranko, Jim. "Blooded". Online excerpt from Steranko: Graphic Prince of Darkness, Vanguard Productions, 1998. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011.
- ^ Steranko, Jim. "Sucker". Online excerpt from Steranko: Graphic Prince of Darkness. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
- ^ Steranko, Jim. "Wrath". Online excerpt from Steranko: Graphic Prince of Darkness. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011.
- ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, pp. 12–15
- ^ ISBN 0-7851-0747-9.
- ^ Steranko, interviewed in Burchett, Rick; Mantels, Ed (Summer 1978). "Whizzard Talks to Steranko". Whizzard. Vol. 2, no. 11 [issue #16]. St. Louis, Missouri: Marty Klug. pp. 15–16.
- ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, p. 5
- ^ "Escape Artist One of Youths Under Arrest", Stroudsburg Daily Record, February 4, 1956, reprinted in Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir
- ^ Von Busack, Richard (December 12–18, 2002). "Escape Artist". Metro. Silicon Valley. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011.
- ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, p. 20
- ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, p. 21: "I was the first to put a female dancer – I christened her Miss Twist – on stage. Other bands copied the bit, so I topped them by putting two girls side by side simultaneously! Then I topped that by having the girls do a discreet strip routine. Two years later, the go-go girl craze swept America".
- ^ Steranko et al., Steranko Arte Noir, pp. 16–18
- ^ Evanier, Mark (n.d.). "The Jack FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Jack Kirby". P.O.V. Online. p. 1. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010.
- ^ a b Robertson, Tony. "Steranko Recognizes the Power of Kindness in Julie Award Speech". The Drawings of Steranko. Archived from the original on February 2, 2011.
- ^ Gilbert, Michael T. (October 2012). "The Unknown Steranko". Alter Ego. No. 112. p. 55 (caption "Strange Board=Fellows!").
- ^ Marshall, Frances Ireland (February 1961). "Who Is This Steranko?". The Linking Ring. reprinted in Gilbert, p. 53
- ^ a b c d e f Jim Steranko at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ Spyman at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived November 5, 2011.
- ^ Future Marvel editor-in-chief Roy Thomas, then a staff writer, said in Alter Ego #50 (July 2005), p. 23, "I met Jim [in 1965]; he brought his work up to Marvel then, I think, but it wasn't considered quite pro quality yet." Steranko disputed this, saying in Alter Ego #113 (October 2012), p. 55, "I've confronted Roy numerous times about being rejected by Marvel in 1965. It's bogus! ... I had no comics portfolio in 1965 or, for that matter, ever afterward." Alter Ego editor Thomas, in an editor's note that same issue, p. 56, replied, "Roy regrets it if he has misremembered events of 1965. All he truly recalls now is Jim coming up to the Marvel offices in 1966 [emphasis in original source] with Secret Agent X [artwork for an animated TV series he had pitched elsewhere]."
- ^ Thomas, Alter Ego #50, p. 23
- ^ Another account appears in Steranko Arte Noir, pp. 24 & 26, in which author J. David Spurlock claims Steranko had dealt only with receptionist Flo Steinberg, never did the sample-pages inking, and was supposedly given his choice of drawing any comic in Marvel's line. Eduardo Lopez Lafuente's biographical portrait in the 2000 Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. collection quotes Stan Lee, without providing a source, as asking Steranko "Which title do you want to draw?"
- ISBN 978-0756641238.
Writer/artist Jim Steranko had begun to draw the 'Nick Fury, Agent of SHIELD' [feature] in Strange Tales #151 and started writing it four issues later.
- ^ ISBN 0-7851-0747-9.
- ^ Daniels, Les (1971). Comix: A History of Comic Books in America. New York: Bonanza Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-169-104.
- ISBN 0-7851-0766-5.
- ^ Steranko, Jim. Strange Tales #167 (Marvel, April 1967), pp. 2–5
- ^ Ringgenberg, Steven (Spring 1989). "A Life Long Love Affair with the Pop Culture Pin Up!". Betty Pages Magazine. No. 4. Archived from the original on September 16, 2010. Via TheDrawingsOfSteranko.com
- Green, Robin (September 16, 1971). "Face Front! Clap Your Hands, You're on the Winning Team!". Rolling Stone. No. 91. via fan site Green Skin's Grab-Bag. p. page 3 of transcription. Archived from the originalon October 7, 2010. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
- ^ a b c Sanderson, Peter (March 7, 2006). "Steranko and Simon: Back to Back". Publishers Weekly. PW Comics Week. Dead link; pertinent passages reprinted at "Frightening First Fridays: Tower of Shadows #1". Diversions of the Grooovy Kind (fan site). October 31, 2008. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010.
- ^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 135: "'Destroy him!' Madame Hydra shouted about Cap, when she first appeared in Captain America #110, an issue by writer/artist Jim Steranko."
- cover-dated June 1969, including The Incredible Hulkvol. 2, #116.
- ^ DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 137
- ^ Fantastic Fanzine (11), pp. 11–12
- ^ Steranko interview. "'It would only take me one story to do the ultimate Batman': Steranko Speaks – 1979". The Comic Reader (unknown issue) via Best, Daniel, ed., 20th Century Danny Boy (July 6, 2012). Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
- ^ "Jim Steranko". Lambiek Comiclopedia. 2013. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ Sanderson, Peter "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 158: "FOOM, standing for 'Friends of Ol' Marvel', was edited and designed by SHIELD writer/artist Jim Steranko."
- ^ FOOM #1–4 (Feb.-Summer 1973)
- ^ Bonfils, Robert (ed.). "Jim Steranko Cover Art". Vintage Paperbacks & Digests. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0780807723.
- ^ Steranko, Jim (July 10, 2005). "Comics Loses One of its Major Visionaries: Byron Preiss". Comicon.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Additional, June 5, 2008.
- ^ Talon Art Gallery, at The Drawings of Steranko.
- ^ Robertson, Tony, ed. "Steranko Bibliography". WebCitation archive.
- ^ Comixscene/Mediascene/Prevue (fan site). WebCitation archive.
- ^ Cartoonist Kayfabe
- ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9.
The Man of Steel celebrated his 400th issue in star-studded fashion with the help of some of the comic industry's best and brightest ... the issue also featured a visionary tale written and drawn by Jim Steranko.
- ^ Addiego, Frankie (December 2013). "Superman #400". Back Issue!. No. 69. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 68–70.
- Radical Comics. April 23, 2008. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2012 – via Comic Book Resources.
- ^ Furey, Emmett (July 31, 2009). "CCI: Radical Publishing". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
Hine is also writing Ryder on the Storm, for which Jim Steranko also designed the world.
- ^ Platt, Rachael. "The Great Steranko's Finished Masterpiece!". RZG Comics (official site). Archived from the original on April 18, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2012. Additional, April 18, 2012.
- ^ Melrose, Kevin (July 12, 2012). "DC reveals Before Watchmen variants by Steranko, Rude, Pope, more". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- ^ "DC Unveils Final Variant For Action Comics #1000". Previews. Diamond Comic Distributors. March 7, 2018. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018.
- ^ a b Walentis, Al (June 14, 1981). "Steranko Helped Sell Raiders". Reading Eagle. p. 66. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
- ^ "Raiders of the Lost Ark". Empire. September 29, 2006. pp. 72–82.
- ISBN 978-0-571-21158-6.
- ^ Kilpatrick, Conor (August 12, 2010). "A Look at Justice League Unlimited – Part Two". iFanboy. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
- ^ Erickson, Hal (2014). "Time Machine: Comic Book Superheroes Unmasked (2003)". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
- ^ "The Spirit of America". Vanguard Productions. 2002. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
- ^ "New York Comic Con Releases Expanded Guest List for their February Show" (Press release). New York Comic Con. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2011 – via Comic Book Resources. (Requires scrolldown).
- ^ "1968 Alley Awards". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015.
- ^ "Inkpot Award Winners". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
- ^ Almond, Bob (June 9, 2016). "Inkblot: A Special Appearance by Jim Steranko to Highlight the 2016 Inkwell Awards Ceremony at Heroes Con". First Comics News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017.
- ^ Almond, Bob (June 23, 2016). "Post-Show: The 2016 Inkwell Awards Award Ceremony Speech Transcript (Updated: And Video!!!)". Inkwell Awards. Archived from the original on July 8, 2019.
- ^ Inkwells 2016. YouTube. July 12, 2016.
External links
- Steranko.com (placeholder page only) Accessed September 10, 2015
- Koening, Bill. "Bill Koenig Remembers: 'Don't Yield, Back S.H.I.E.L.D.'", Her Majesty's Secret Servant (fan site), 2000. WebCitation archive.
- Meyer, Ken Jr. "1970 Jim Steranko Portfolio", "Ink Stains" 25 (column), ComicAttack.net, December 1, 2010. WebCitation archive.
- "Jim Steranko Interview", Comic Book Resources, October 10, 2001. WebCitation archive (requires scrolldown).
- Jim Steranko at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
- Jim Steranko at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators