Kurt Weill

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with
Curt Vile, Kurt Vile, or Kurt Weil
.

Weill in 1932

Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950) was a German-born American composer[a][2] active from the 1920s in his native country, and in his later years in the United States.[3] He was a leading composer for the stage who was best known for his fruitful collaborations with Bertolt Brecht. With Brecht, he developed productions such as his best-known work, The Threepenny Opera, which included the ballad "Mack the Knife". Weill held the ideal of writing music that served a socially useful purpose,[4] Gebrauchsmusik.[5] He also wrote several works for the concert hall and a number of works on Jewish themes. He became a United States citizen in 1943.

Family and childhood

Weill was born on March 2, 1900,

Jewish family in the "Sandvorstadt", the Jewish quarter in Dessau in Saxony, where his father was a cantor.[7] At the age of twelve, Weill started taking piano lessons and made his first attempts at writing music; his earliest preserved composition was written in 1913 and is titled "Mi Addir: Jewish Wedding Song".[8]

In 1915, Weill started taking private lessons with Albert Bing,

Yehuda Halevi.[9]

Weill graduated with an Abitur from the Oberrealschule of Dessau in 1918, and enrolled at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik at the age of 18, where he studied composition with Engelbert Humperdinck,[7] conducting with Rudolf Krasselt, and counterpoint with Friedrich E. Koch, and also attended philosophy lectures by Max Dessoir and Ernst Cassirer. The same year, he wrote his first string quartet (in B minor).[10]

Musical career

Early work and compositions

Weill's family experienced financial hardship in the aftermath of World War I, and in July 1919, Weill abandoned his studies and returned to Dessau, where he was employed as a

Gottschedstrasse
. Before he returned to Berlin, in September 1920, he composed Sulamith, a choral fantasy for soprano, female choir, and orchestra.

Studies with Busoni

Berlin memorial plaque, Berlin-Hansaviertel, Germany

Back in Berlin, Weill had an interview with

Preussische Akademie der Künste in Berlin.[11]

From January 1921 to December 1923, Weill studied music composition with him and also counterpoint with

Epic theater and the Verfremdungseffekt (distancing effect) advocated by his future collaborator Brecht.[13]

To support his family in Leipzig, Weill also worked as a pianist in a Bierkeller tavern. In 1922, Weill joined the November Group's music faction. That year he composed a psalm, a divertimento for orchestra, and Sinfonia Sacra: Fantasia, Passacaglia, and Hymnus for Orchestra. On November 18, 1922, his children's pantomime Die Zaubernacht (The Magic Night) premiered at the Theater am Kurfürstendamm; it was the first public performance of any of Weill's works in the field of musical theatre.[12]

Out of financial need, Weill taught music theory and composition to private students from 1923 to 1925. Among his students were

Nazi regime in 1933 is a fragment of a work for four pianos he and Weill wrote jointly.[14]

Weill's compositions during his last year of studies included Quodlibet, an orchestral suite version of Die Zaubernacht; Frauentanz, seven medieval poems for soprano, flute, viola, clarinet, French horn, and bassoon; and Recordare for choir and children's choir to words from the Book of Lamentations. Further premieres that year included a performance of his Divertimento for Orchestra by the Berlin Philharmonic under the direction of Heinz Unger on April 10, 1923, and the Hindemith-Amar Quartet's rendering of Weill's String Quartet, Op. 8, on June 24, 1923. In December 1923, Weill finished his studies with Busoni.[17]

Success in the 1920s and early 1930s

In 1922 he joined the Novembergruppe, a group of

Grünheide, Weill first met the singer and actress Lotte Lenya in the summer of 1924.[19] The couple were married twice: in 1926 and again in 1937 (after their divorce in 1933). She took great care to support Weill's work, and after his death she took it upon herself to increase awareness of his music, forming the Kurt Weill Foundation. From November 1924 to May 1929, Weill wrote hundreds of reviews for the influential and comprehensive radio program guide Der deutsche Rundfunk; Hans Siebert von Heister had already worked with Weill in the November Group, and offered Weill the job shortly after becoming editor-in-chief.[20]

Although he had some success with his first mature non-stage works (such as the String Quartet, Op. 8, and the Concerto for Violin and Wind Orchestra, Op. 12), which were influenced by Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky, Weill tended more and more towards vocal music and musical theatre. His musical theatre work and his songs were extremely popular in Germany in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Weill's music was admired by composers such as Alban Berg, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Darius Milhaud and Stravinsky, but it was also criticized by others: Schoenberg, who later revised his opinion, and Anton Webern.

His best-known work is The Threepenny Opera (1928), a reworking of John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, written in collaboration with Bertolt Brecht. Engel directed the original production of The Threepenny Opera in 1928. It contains Weill's most famous song, "Mack the Knife" ("Die Moritat von Mackie Messer").[21] Textually Threepenny Opera—like the Beggar's Opera before it—is satire and social commentary;[22] but for Weill, coming from a musical perspective, it was something else as well: "It gives us the opportunity to make opera the subject matter for an evening in the theater",[23] part of what Weill saw as a lifelong process to "reform" opera for the modern stage.[24] The stage success was filmed by G. W. Pabst in two language versions: Die 3-Groschen-Oper and L'opéra de quat' sous. Weill and Brecht tried to stop the film adaptation through a well publicized lawsuit—which Weill won and Brecht lost.

Weill continued to work with Brecht on the musical

Communist Manifesto to music."[26]

While in Germany in the early 1930s, Weill also collaborated with the American virtuoso banjoist Mike Danzi in an early production of his opera Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. During a rehearsal, Weill congratulated Danzi for his accurate interpretation of the chords found in his score while noting that most other banjoists had complained that they were not actually written for the banjo at all.[27]

Life in Paris and New York

Weill fled Nazi Germany in March 1933.[28] A prominent and popular Jewish composer, Weill was officially denounced for his political views and sympathies,[29] and became a target of the Nazi authorities, who criticized and interfered with performances of his later stage works, such as Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, 1930), Die Bürgschaft (1932), and Der Silbersee (1933). With no option but to leave Germany, he went first to Paris, where he worked once more with Brecht (after a project with Jean Cocteau failed) on the ballet The Seven Deadly Sins.

On April 13, 1933, his musical The Threepenny Opera was given its premiere on Broadway, but closed after 13 performances to mixed reviews.

Manhattan Opera House
, running for 153 performances.

Weill and Lenya at home in 1942

He and Lotte moved to New York City on September 10, 1935, living first at the St. Moritz Hotel before moving to an apartment at 231 East 62nd Street, between Third and Second Avenues.

Group Theatre, while finishing Johnny Johnson. Some of the other artists who summered there in 1936 were Elia Kazan, Harry Morgan, John Garfield, Lee J. Cobb, Will Geer, Clifford Odets, Howard da Silva and Irwin Shaw.[30][31][32]

Rather than continue to write in the same style that had characterized his European compositions, Weill made a study of American popular and stage music. His American output contains individual songs and entire shows that not only became highly respected and admired, but have been seen as seminal works in the development of the American

Tony Award for Best Original Score.[34]

In the 1940s Weill lived in

naturalized citizen of the United States on August 27, 1943.[7]

Weill had ideals of writing music that served a socially useful purpose. In the US, he wrote Down in the Valley, an opera including the song of the same name and other American folk songs. He also wrote a number of songs in support of the American war effort, including the satirical "Schickelgruber" (with lyrics by Howard Dietz), "Buddy on the Nightshift" (with Oscar Hammerstein) and – with Brecht again as in his earlier career – the "Ballad of the Nazi Soldier's Wife" ("Und was bekam des Soldaten Weib?"). Intended for broadcast to Germany, the song chronicled the progress of the Nazi war machine through the gifts sent to the proud wife at home by her man at the front: furs from Oslo, a silk dress from Paris etc., until finally, from Russia, she receives her widow's veil.[4]

Apart from "Mack the Knife" and "Pirate Jenny" from The Threepenny Opera, his most famous songs include "Alabama Song" (from Mahagonny), "Surabaya Johnny" (from Happy End), "Speak Low" (from One Touch of Venus), "Lost in the Stars" (from the musical of that name), "My Ship" (from Lady in the Dark), and "September Song" (from Knickerbocker Holiday).

Death

Weill suffered a heart attack shortly after his 50th birthday and died on April 3, 1950, in New York City.

Venerable Bede:[35]

This is the life of men on earth:
Out of darkness we come at birth
Into a lamplit room, and then –
Go forward into dark again.
(lyric: Maxwell Anderson)

An excerpt from Maxwell Anderson's eulogy for Weill read:

I wish, of course, that he had been lucky enough to have had a little more time for his work. I could wish the times in which he lived had been less troubled. But these things were as they were – and Kurt managed to make thousands of beautiful things during the short and troubled time he had ...[4]

Influence

German stamp commemorating Weill
Star on Musik Meile Vienna

Weill's music continues to be performed both in popular and classical contexts. In Weill's lifetime, his work was most associated with the voice of his wife, Lotte Lenya, but shortly after his death "Mack the Knife" was established by Louis Armstrong and Bobby Darin as a jazz standard. His music has since been recorded by many performers, ranging from Nina Simone, Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, The Doors, Ella Fitzgerald, David Bowie, Robbie Williams, Judy Collins, John Zorn, Dagmar Krause, Steeleye Span, The Young Gods and PJ Harvey to New York's Metropolitan Opera and the Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra. Singers as varied as Teresa Stratas, Ute Lemper, Gisela May, Anne Sofie von Otter, Max Raabe, Heinz Karl Gruber, Dee Dee Bridgewater and Marianne Faithfull have recorded entire albums of his music.

In 1985,

tribute album in which Weill's songs were interpreted by a variety of artists, including Todd Rundgren, Tom Waits, Lou Reed, Charlie Haden and Sting.[36]

Amanda Palmer, singer-pianist of the 'Brechtian Punk Cabaret' duo The Dresden Dolls, has Kurt Weill's name on the front of her keyboard (a pun on the name of the instrument maker Kurzweil) as a tribute to the composer. In 1991, the seminal Swiss industrial band The Young Gods released their album of Kurt Weill songs, The Young Gods Play Kurt Weill. Weill has also been often cited as an influence on Goldfrapp's Felt Mountain. In 2008, Weill's songs were performed by Canadian musicians (including Sarah Slean and Mary Margaret O'Hara) in a tribute concert as part of the first annual Canwest Cabaret Festival in Toronto. In 2009 Duke Special released an EP, Huckleberry Finn, of five songs from an unfinished musical by Kurt Weill based on the novel by Mark Twain.

Kurt Weill is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.[37]

Kurt Weill Centre

Main article: Kurt Weill Centre

The Kurt Weill Centre (German:Kurt-Weill-Zentrum) in Dessau was founded in 1993. It provides a museum, library, archive and media centre and organises an annual festival celebrating the composer's work. It is housed in the Feininger house, a house designed by the architect Walter Gropius which was originally lived in by the artist Lyonel Feininger. The property is part of the World Heritage site the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau. The centre, with its collection of material on Weill, is listed as a cultural memorial of national importance.[38] The centre is one of the "Beacons of light" of the Konferenz Nationaler Kultureinrichtungen (Conference of National Cultural Institutions), a union of cultural institutions in the new states of Germany i.e. area that was formerly East Germany.[39]

Kurt Weill Foundation for Music

Founded by Lotte Lenya in 1962, the non-profit, private foundation is dedicated to promoting understanding of Weill's life and works and preserving the legacies of Weill and Lenya. The foundation administers the internationally recognized Lotte Lenya Competition, a grant program, various sponsorships and fellowships, the Weill-Lenya Research Center, and the Kurt Weill Prize, and publishes the Kurt Weill Edition and the Kurt Weill Newsletter. Trustees of the New York-based organization have included Harold Prince, Victoria Clark, Jeanine Tesori, Tazewell Thompson, and Teresa Stratas.[40][41][42]

Relatives

Weill's grandmother was Jeanette Hochstetter of Liedolsheim in Baden-Württemberg.[43] Weill was one of four members of the same Hochstetter family to lead distinguished careers in the fields of music and literature. His first cousin once removed was Caesar Hochstetter (born January 12, 1863, in Ladenburg, a suburb of Mannheim – his date and place of death are unknown but this was probably during The Holocaust), a composer and arranger who collaborated with Max Reger and who dedicated Aquarelles, Op. 25, to him.[44]

Caesar's younger brother was

Theresienstadt concentration camp), Professor of Literature at the University of Brussels, writer and poet and friend of Wilhelm Busch. His second cousin was the childhood prodigy pianist, Lisy Fischer (born August 22, 1900, Zürich, Switzerland – died June 6, 1999, Newcastle upon Tyne, England).[citation needed
]

Compositions

Stage works

Main article: List of works for the stage by Kurt Weill

Concert works

Cantatas

Chamber music

  • 1918 : String Quartet in B minor (without opus number)
  • 1923 : String Quartet, Op. 8
  • 1919–1921 : Sonata for Cello and Piano

Piano music

  • 1917 : Intermezzo
  • 1937 : Albumblatt for Erika (transcription of the pastorale from Der Weg der Verheissung)

Orchestral works

  • 1919 : Suite for orchestra
  • 1919 : Die Weise von Liebe und Tod, symphonic poem for orchestra after Rainer Maria Rilke (lost)
  • 1921 : Symphony No.1 in one movement for orchestra
  • 1922 : Divertimento for orchestra, Op. 5 (unfinished, reconstructed by David Drew)
  • 1922 : Sinfonia Sacra, Fantasia, Passacaglia and Hymnus for orchestra, Op. 6 (unfinished)
  • 1923 : Quodlibet, suite for orchestra from the pantomime Zaubernacht, Op. 9
  • 1925 : Concerto for violin and wind orchestra, Op. 12
  • 1927 : Bastille Musik, suite for wind orchestra (arranged by David Drew, 1975) from the stage music to Gustav III, by August Strindberg
  • 1929 : Kleine Dreigroschenmusik, suite from
    Die Dreigroschenoper for wind orchestra, piano and percussion, (premiere conducted by Otto Klemperer
    )
  • 1934 : Suite panaméenne for chamber orchestra, (from Marie Galante [fr])
  • 1934 : Symphony No. 2 in three movements for orchestra, (premiere by Royal Concertgebouw orchestra under Bruno Walter)
  • 1947 : Hatikvah, arrangement of the Israeli National Anthem for orchestra

Lieder, Lieder cycles, songs and chansons

  • 1919 : "Die stille Stadt", for voice and piano, text: Richard Dehmel
  • 1923 : Frauentanz, Op. 10, song cycle for soprano, flute, viola, clarinet, horn and bassoon (after medieval poems)
  • 1923 : Stundenbuch, song cycle for baritone and orchestra, text: Rainer Maria Rilke
  • 1925 : "Klopslied", for high voice, two piccolos and bassoon ("Ick sitze da un' esse Klops" – Berliner Lied)
  • 1927 : Vom Tod im Wald (Death in the Forest), Op. 23, ballad for bass solo and ten wind instruments, text: Bertolt Brecht
  • 1928 : "Berlin im Licht-Song", slow-fox, text: Kurt Weill; composed for the exhibition Berlin im Licht, first performance in Wittenbergplatz (with orchestra) on October 13, and on October 16 in the
    Kroll Opera
    (with voice and piano)
  • 1928 : "Die Muschel von Margate: Petroleum Song", slow-fox, text: Felix Gasbarra for the play by Leo Lania, Konjunktur
  • 1928 : "Zu Potsdam unter den Eichen" ("In Potsdam under the Oak Trees"), song for voice and piano, alternatively male chorus a cappella, text: Bertolt Brecht
  • 1928 : "Das Lied von den braunen Inseln", text: Lion Feuchtwanger, from the play by same author, Petroleum Inseln
  • 1930?: "Lied vom weißen Käse" ("Song of the White Cheese") – unpublished, discovered in Berlin at the Free University of Berlin in 2017[47]
  • 1933 : "Der Abschiedsbrief", text: Erich Kästner, intended for Marlene Dietrich
  • 1933 : "La complainte de Fantômas", text: Robert Desnos; for a broadcast of Fantômas in November 1933 (the music was lost, and later reconstructed by Jacques Loussier for Catherine Sauvage)
  • 1933 : "Es regnet" ("It's Raining"), text: Jean Cocteau (direct into German)
  • 1934 : "Je ne t'aime pas", text: Maurice Magre for the soprano Lys Gauty
  • 1934 : "Les Filles de Bordeaux", text: Jacques Deval, from Marie Galante [fr]
  • 1934 : "J'attends un navire", text: Jacques Deval, from Marie Galante; as an independent song for Lys Gauty; used for the "Hymne der Resistance" during the Second World War
  • 1934 : "Youkali" (originally the "Tango habanera", instrumental movement in Marie Galante), Text: Roger Fernay [fr]
  • 1934 : "Complainte de la Seine", text: Maurice Magre
  • 1939 : "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", song for voice and piano, text: Robert Frost (unfinished)
  • 1939 : "Nanna's Lied", text: Bertolt Brecht, the song of a prostitute, from a play satirizing the Nazi party, written as a Christmas present for his wife Lotte Lenya; quotes Ballade des dames du temps jadis
  • 1942–47 : Three Walt Whitman Songs, later Four Walt Whitman Songs for voice and piano (or orchestra), text: Walt Whitman[48][49]
  1. Oh Captain! My Captain! (Christmas 1941)
  2. Dirge for Two Veterans (January 1942)
  3. Beat! Beat! Drums! (Spring 1942)
  4. Come Up From The Fields, Father (1947)

Choral

  • 1923 : Recordare, Op. 11

Film music

Select discography

Orchestral, chamber, choral and other works

  • Berliner Requiem / Violin Concerto, Op. 12 / Vom Tod im Walde. Ensemble Musique Oblique/ Philippe Herreweghe (Harmonia Mundi, 1997)
  • Kleine Dreigroschenmusik / Mahagonny Songspiel / Happy End / Berliner Requiem / Violin Concerto, Op. 12 / Ballade vom Tod im Walde, Op. 23 / Pantomime I (from Der Protagonist, Op. 14) London Sinfonietta, David Atherton, Nona Liddell (violin), Meriel Dickinson (mezzo-soprano), Mary Thomas (mezzo-soprano), Philip Langridge (tenor), Ian Partridge (tenor), Benjamin Luxon (baritone), Michael Rippon (bass), (Deutsche Grammophon 4594422, 1999)
  • Kurt Weill à Paris, Marie Galante and other works. Loes Luca, Ensemble Dreigroschen, directed by Giorgio Bernasconi, assai, 2000
  • Melodie Kurta Weill'a i coś ponadto Kazik Staszewski (SP Records, 2001)
  • Complete String Quartets. Leipziger Streichquartett (MDG 307 1071–2)
  • Symphonies 1 & 2. BBC Symphony Orchestra, Gary Bertini (EMI, 1968)

Song collections

  • Lotte Lenya sings Kurt Weill's The Seven Deadly Sins & Berlin Theatre Songs (Sony 1997)
  • Speak Low – Songs by Kurt Weill – Anne Sofie von Otter, conducted by John Eliot Gardiner (Deutsche Grammophon 1995)
  • Youkali: Art Songs by Satie, Poulenc and Weill. Patricia O'Callaghan (Marquis, 2003)
  • The Unknown Kurt Weill (Nonesuch LP D-79019, 1981) – Teresa Stratas, soprano, Richard Woitach, piano. Track list: "Nanna's Lied" (1939), "Complainte de la Seine" (1934), "Klops-Lied" (1925), "Berlin im Licht-song" (1928), "Und was bekam des Soldaten Weib?" (1943), "Die Muschel von Margate: Petroleum Song" (1928), "Wie Lange Noch?" (1944), "Youkali: Tango Habanera" (1935?), "Der Abschiedsbrief" (1933?), "Es Regnet" (1933), "Buddy on the Nightshift" (1942), "Schickelgruber" (1942), "Je ne t'aime pas" (1934), "Das Lied von den Braunen Inseln" (1928)
  • Georgia Brown: September Song – Music of Kurt Weill, Decca LP SKL 4509 (1962), conducted by Ian Fraser
  • Dee Dee Bridgewater: This is New (2002)

Tributes

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ In 1947 Weill explicitly disavowed Life magazine's characterization of him as "a German composer", writing in a letter to Life, "Although I was born in Germany I do not consider myself a 'German composer'. ... I am an American citizen and during my dozen years in this country have composed exclusively for the American stage ... I would appreciate your straightening out your readers on this matter."[1]

References

  1. ^ The letter, reprinted in Henry Marx (ed.), Weill-Lenya Goethe House, (New York, 1976), is cited in Jarman 1982, p. 140.
  2. ^ The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Kurt Weill". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 29, 2022.
  3. ^ "Mack the Knife" – Sinatra Song of the Century #95 by Mark Steyn, December 8, 2015
  4. ^ a b c Kurt Weill. Cjschuler.net. Retrieved on August 22, 2011. Archived March 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ Jarman 1982, p. 34.
  6. ^
    ISBN 0300055366
    .
  7. ^ a b c d "Kurt Weill Dead; Composer, Was 50". The New York Times. April 4, 1950. p. 28. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  8. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, p. 540.
  9. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, pp. 540–541.
  10. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, pp. 541.
  11. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, pp. 541–542.
  12. ^ a b Hinton & Schebera 2000, p. 542.
  13. ^ Jarman 1982, pp. 98 et. seq..
  14. ^ a b Musica Reanimata of Berlin, Henry Jollesaccessed September 28, 2008
  15. OCLC 16714846.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[page needed
    ]
  16. ISSN 0899-6407
    . Retrieved October 24, 2010.
  17. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, pp. 542–543.
  18. ^ "Music and the Holocaust", holocaustmusic.ort.org; retrieved August 22, 2011.
  19. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, p. 543.
  20. ^ Hinton & Schebera 2000, pp. 208–209.
  21. ^ a b Kurt Weill Archived December 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Spartacus-Educational.com (April 3, 1950). Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  22. ^ Scott Miller. "Inside Threepenny: Background and Analysis". New Line Theatre. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
  23. ^ Hinton 2012, p. xiii.
  24. ^ Hinton 2012, preface, passim, esp. pp. ix, xiii.
  25. ISBN 9780385534925
    .
  26. ^ Profile Archived August 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, ata-divisions.org; accessed June 6, 2014.
  27. ^ The Kurt Weill Newsletter - Books "An American Musician in Berlin" by Geoffrey Abbott. The Kurt Weill Foundation for Music, New York 1987 p. 19 Biography of Mike Danzi and book review "In 1923 he (Danzi) went to Germany and established himself as Berlin's foremost banjo player throughout the roaring Twenties and into the Thirties....Weill congratulated him (Danzi) with the revealing observation: "this is the first time I have heard the chords played as written: most banjo players have told me that the part was not written for banjo!" Mike Danzi on Google Books
  28. ^ a b c Mercado 1989
  29. ^ "Life of composer Kurt Weill is told in compelling Love Song" by Burton Buxerman, St. Louis Jewish Light, 10 April 2013
  30. ^ Pinewood Lake website retrieved on September 10, 2010 Archived July 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Pinewoodlake.org (May 20, 2009). Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  31. ISBN 9780752409016
    .
  32. ^ Smith, Wendy. Real Life Drama: The Group Theatre and America, 1931–1940. p. 264.[full citation needed]
  33. ^ "The Boys That Make the Noise", Music section, Time (magazine), July 5, 1943.
  34. ^ Tony Award for Best Original Score. Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved on August 22, 2011.
  35. ^ Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (History of the English Church and People) Book 2, Ch. 13
  36. AllMusic
  37. ^ "Theater Hall of Fame members". Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  38. ^ Kurt Weill Centre Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 April 2019
  39. ^ Konferenz Nationaler Kultureinrichtungen. 23 Cultural Beacons Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 6 April 2019
  40. ^ "The Kurt Weill Foundation for Music". www.kwf.org. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  41. ^ "Kurt Weill Foundation for Music to World Premiere New Documentary on 2020 Lotte Lenya Competition". Opera Wire. May 1, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  42. ^ BWW News Desk. "The Kurt Weill Foundation Responds To Pandemic With The Lotte Lenya Competition Songbook". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  43. ISBN 9780879517212
    .
  44. ^ 5 Aquarelles, Op.25 (Reger): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (see the Wirth Urtext edition)
  45. ^ "Kiddush liner notes" by Neil W. Levin, Swing His Praises, Milken Archive of Jewish Music
  46. ^ "Kiddush" (1946), work details, Kurt Weill Foundation for Music
  47. ^ Barone, Joshua (November 6, 2017). "Hear a Newly Found Kurt Weill Song That Surprised Experts". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  48. ^ The introduction by Kim H. Kowalke in the published score (European American Music Corporation EA 584) gives the background and chronology for the songs.
  49. ^ Four Walt Whitman Songs. For voice and piano. Texts by Walt Whitman

Sources

Further reading

External links

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