Lion Feuchtwanger
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Lion Feuchtwanger | |
---|---|
Born | Munich | 7 July 1884
Died | 21 December 1958 Los Angeles | (aged 74)
Occupation | Novelist, playwright, essayist, theatre critic |
Notable works | Jud Süß (1925) The Oppermanns (1933) |
Signature | |
Lion Feuchtwanger (German:
Feuchtwanger's Judaism and fierce criticism of the Nazi Party, years before it assumed power, ensured that he would be a target of government-sponsored persecution after Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Following a brief period of internment in France and a harrowing escape from continental Europe, he found asylum in the United States, where he died in 1958.
Life and career
Ancestry
Feuchtwanger's
Early life
Lion Feuchtwanger was born in 1884 to
Feuchtwanger made his first attempt at writing while still a secondary-school student and won an award. In 1903, in Munich, he passed his
Early career
After studying a variety of subjects, he became a theatre critic and founded the culture magazine Der Spiegel in 1908[3] (no connection to the post-WWII magazine of the same name). The first issue appeared on 30 April. After 15 issues and six months, Der Spiegel merged with Siegfried Jacobsohn's journal Die Schaubühne (renamed in 1918 to Die Weltbühne) for which Feuchtwanger continued to write. He was one of the contributors of the Swedish avant-garde magazine Thalia between 1910 and 1913.[4] In 1912, he married a Jewish merchant's daughter, Marta Loeffler. She was pregnant at the wedding, but the child died shortly after birth.[citation needed]
After the outbreak of the
In 1916, he published a play based on the story of Joseph Süß Oppenheimer, which premiered in 1917, but Feuchtwanger withdrew it a couple of years later as he was dissatisfied with it.[citation needed]
During the German Revolution of 1918–1919, Feuchtwanger was ill and unable to participate.[clarification needed][citation needed]
Association with Brecht
Feuchtwanger soon became a figure in the literary world, and he was sought out by the young Bertolt Brecht. Both collaborated on drafts of Brecht's early work, The Life of Edward II of England, in 1923–1924.[5] According to Feuchtwanger's widow, Marta, Feuchtwanger was a possible source for the titles of two other Brecht works, including Drums in the Night (first called Spartakus by Brecht).[6]
Shift from drama to novels
After some success as a playwright, Feuchtwanger shifted his emphasis to writing historical novels. His most successful work in this genre was
In 1930, and wrote his first socio-political novel Erfolg (Success) , based on the events of Beer Hall Putsch, as his reaction on the impending threat of Nazism; the novel would become the first entry in Wartesaal trilogy about the rise of Nazism in Germany. He continued the trilogy with The Oppermanns in 1933, which would become one of his best-known books.
Persecution by the Nazis
Early opposition
Feuchtwanger was one of the first to produce propaganda against Hitler and the Nazi Party. As early as 1920 he published in the satirical text Conversations with the Wandering Jew:
Towers of Hebrew books were burning, and bonfires were erected as high as the clouds, and people burnt to char, innumerable, and voices of priests sang in accompaniment: Gloria in excelsis Deo. Traces of men, women, children dragged themselves across the square, from all sides, they were naked or in rags, and they had nothing with them but bodies and the tatters of book scrolls – of torn, disgraced book scrolls, soiled with feces. And there followed them men in kaftans and women and children in the clothes of our day, countlessly, endlessly.[7]
Rise of Nazism and exile
In 1930, Feuchtwanger published
In 1933, while Feuchtwanger was on tour, his house was ransacked by government agents who stole or destroyed many items from his extensive library, including invaluable manuscripts of some of his projected works (one of the characters in The Oppermanns undergoes an identical experience). In the summer of 1933, his name appeared on the first of Hitler's Ausbürgerungsliste, which were documents by which the Nazis arbitrarily deprived Germans of their citizenship and so rendered them stateless. During that time, he published the novel The Oppermanns. Feuchtwanger and his wife did not return to Germany but moved to Southern France, settling in Sanary-sur-Mer. His works were included among those burned in the 10 May 1933 Nazi book burnings held across Germany. Later Success and The Oppermanns would become the first two parts of the Wartesaal ("The Waiting Room") trilogy.
On 25 August 1933, the official German government gazette, Reichsanzeiger, included Feuchtwanger's name on the list of those whose German citizenship was revoked because of "disloyalty to the German Reich and the German people." Because Feuchtwanger had addressed and predicted many of the Nazis' crimes even before they came to power, Hitler considered him a personal enemy, and the Nazis designated Feuchtwanger as the "Enemy of the state number one," as mentioned in The Devil in France.
In his writings, Feuchtwanger exposed Nazi racist policies years before the British and French governments abandoned their policy of
After leaving Germany in 1933, Feuchtwanger lived in Sanary-sur-Mer. The high sales of his books, especially in the Anglo-Saxon world, allowed him a relatively comfortable life in exile. In 1940, he finished Wartesaal with the third novel, Exil (translated into English as Paris Gazette)[8]
Imprisonment and escape
When France declared war on Germany in 1939, Feuchtwanger was interned for a few weeks in Camp des Milles. When the Germans invaded France in 1940, Feuchtwanger was captured and again imprisoned at Les Milles.[9] Later, the prisoners of Les Milles were moved to a makeshift tent-camp near Nîmes because of the advance of German troops. From there, he was smuggled to Marseille disguised as a woman. After months of waiting in Marseille, he was able to flee with his wife Marta to the United States via Spain and Portugal, staying briefly in Estoril.[10] He escaped with the help of Marta; Varian Fry (an American journalist who helped refugees escape from occupied France); Hiram Bingham IV (US Vice Consul in Marseille); Myles Standish (US Vice Consul in Marseille); Waitstill Sharp and Martha Sharp (a Unitarian minister and his wife who were in Europe on a similar mission as Fry).
Waitstill Sharp volunteered to accompany Feuchtwanger by rail from Marseille, across Spain, to Lisbon. Had Feuchtwanger been recognized at border crossings in France or Spain, he would have been detained and turned over to the Gestapo.
Realizing that Feuchtwanger might be abducted by Nazi agents even in Portugal, Martha Sharp gave up her own berth on the Excalibur so Feuchtwanger could sail immediately for New York City with her husband.
Asylum in United States
Granted
In 1943, Feuchtwanger bought
Stalinism
In response to the Western Powers pursuing a policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy (the
From November 1936 to February 1937 he travelled to the
Postwar
During the
In 1953, Feuchtwanger won the
Illness and death
Lion Feuchtwanger became ill with
Major works
Jud Süß
Feuchtwanger was already well known throughout Germany in 1925, when his first popular novel, Jud Süß (Jew Suss), appeared. The story of Joseph Süß Oppenheimer had been the subject of a number of literary and dramatic treatments over the course of the past century, the earliest Wilhelm Hauff's 1827 novella. The most successful literary adaptation was Feuchtwanger's 1925 novel, based on a play he had written in 1916 but then withdrawn. Feuchtwanger intended his portrayal of Süß not as an antisemitic slur but as a study of the tragedy caused by the human weaknesses of greed, pride, and ambition.
The novel was rejected by the major publishing houses and then was reluctantly taken on by a small publishing house. However, the novel was so well received that it went through five printings of 39,000 copies within a year as well as being translated into 17 languages by 1931. The novel's success established Feuchtwanger as a major German author as well as giving him a royalty stream that afforded him a measure of financial independence for the rest of his life.[15]
His drama and his hugely successful novel were adapted for the cinema screen initially in a sympathetic version produced at
The NSDAP party in Germany then made their own anti-Semitic version under the very same title, to undercut the British film.
The Oppermanns
In January 1933, Hitler becomes the Chancellor of Germany. Feuchtwanger reacted to the regime change with the novel The Oppermanns. At first, Feuchtwanger was writing it as a screenplay proposed by the British Government, however, it was never completed and instead was reworked into a novel, resulting in the book's style, which differs with quick-cuts and literary montage sequences. After being released the same year, it instantly became popular and was translated into over 10 languages. Klaus Mann later praised the novel as the "most striking, most widely read narrative description of the calamity that descended over Germany"; Frederick S. Roffman wrote in The New York Times in 1983 that "no single historical or fictional work has more tellingly or insightfully depicted the relentless disintegration of German humanism, the insidious manner in which Nazism began to permeate the fabric of German society."
In 2018, Deutsche Welle put the novel in their "100 German Must-Reads" list, called it "Feutchwanger's most recognized novel" and wrote that today it is "considered one of the most important literary works documenting the downfall of a democracy".[19][20][21]
As Roffman noted, Feuchtwanger's popularity has declined after 1950s in the English-speaking countries, while remaining strong in the German-speaking ones.[20] In 2022, the novel was rediscovered, and a new version of the English translation of The Oppermanns was released, with an introduction by Joshua Cohen, who also noted the lack of Feuchtwanger's popularity in English-speaking counntries:
Given that Feuchtwanger’s books were so explicitly and accessibly addressed to a general audience, it’s poignant that he has none now. His novels go unread; his plays go unperformed; he’s a first-class writer without a first-class berth; a classic firebrand without a canon.[19]
In his review of the novel, Cohen calls it "one of the last masterpieces of German Jewish culture".[19]
Books
- Die häßliche Herzogin Margarete Maultasch (The Ugly Duchess), 1923 —about Margarete Maultasch (14th century in Tyrol)
- Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England (The Life of Edward II of England), 1924: written with Bertolt Brecht.[22]
- Jud Süß (Jew Suess, Power), 1925.
- PEP: J.L. Wetcheeks amerikanisches Liederbuch (PEP: J.L. Wetcheek's American Song Book), 1928
- The Wartesaal Trilogy (or, The "Waiting Room" Trilogy)
- Erfolg. Drei Jahre Geschichte einer Provinz (Success: Three Years in the Life of a Province), 1930
- Die Geschwister Oppermann (The Oppermanns), Querido, 1933; published in an English translation by James Cleugh, by Secker, 1933[23]
- Exil (Paris Gazette); German-language edition published by Querido, in Amsterdam, 1940; published in an English translation by Willa and Edwin Muir, by Viking, 1940[8]
- The Josephus Trilogy—about Flavius Josephus beginning in the year 60 in Rome
- Der jüdische Krieg (Josephus), 1932
- Die Söhne (The Jew of Rome), 1935
- Der Tag wird kommen (Das gelobte Land, The day will come, Josephus and the Emperor), 1942
- Marianne in Indien und sieben andere Erzählungen (Marianne in Indien, Höhenflugrekord, Stierkampf, Polfahrt, Nachsaison, Herrn Hannsickes Wiedergeburt, Panzerkreuzer Orlow, Geschichte des Gehirnphysiologen Dr. Bl.), 1934—title translated into English as Little Tales and as Marianne in India and seven other tales (Marianne in India, Altitude Record, Bullfight, Polar Expedition, The Little Season, Herr Hannsicke's Second Birth, The Armored Cruiser "Orlov", History of the Brain Specialist Dr. Bl.)
- Der falsche Nero (The Pretender), 1936—about Terentius Maximus, the "False Nero"
- Moskau 1937 (Moscow 1937), 1937
- Unholdes Frankreich (Ungracious France; also Der Teufel in Frankreich, The Devil in France), 1941
- Die Brüder Lautensack (Die Zauberer, Double, Double, Toil and Trouble, The Lautensack Brothers), 1943
- Simone, 1944
- Der treue Peter (Faithful Peter), 1946
- Die Füchse im Weinberg (Proud Destiny, Waffen für Amerika, Foxes in the Vineyard), 1947/48 – a novel mainly about Pierre Beaumarchais and Benjamin Franklin beginning in 1776's Paris
- Wahn oder Der Teufel in Boston. Ein Stück in drei Akten ("The Devil in Boston: A Play about the Salem Witchcraft Trials"), Los Angeles 1948.
- Odysseus and the Swine, and Other Stories, 1949; a collection of sixteen short stories, some published in book form for the first time (London: Hutchinson International Authors Ltd, 1949)
- Goya, 1951—a novel about the famous painter Francisco Goya in the 1790s in Spain ("This is the Hour" New York: Heritage Press, 1956)
- Narrenweisheit oder Tod und Verklärung des Jean-Jacques Rousseau ('Tis folly to be wise, or, Death and transfiguration of Jean-Jaques Rousseau), 1952, a novel set before and during the Great French Revolution
- Die Jüdin von Toledo (Spanische Ballade, Raquel, The Jewess of Toledo), 1955
- Jefta und seine Tochter (Jephthah and his Daughter, Jephta and his daughter), 1957
Awards
- 1957: National Jewish Book Award for Raquel: The Jewess of Toledo[24]
See also
Notes
- ^ W. von Sternburg, Lion Feuchtwanger, p. 40f
- ^ R. Jaretzky, Lion Feuchtwanger, p. 9
- Aufbau-VerlagBerlin Leipzig, 1984. p 143.
- ISBN 978-90-420-3620-8.
- ^ In the dedication of The Life of Edward II of England, Brecht wrote, "I wrote this play with Lion Feuchtwanger"; Dedication page from Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England, 1924.
- ^ "Acting Brecht: The Munich Years," by W. Stuart McDowell, in The Brecht Sourcebook, Carol Martin, Henry Bial, editors (Routledge, 2000).
- ^
Feuchtwanger, Lion (1920). "Gespräche mit dem Ewigen Juden" [Conversations with the Wandering Jew]. In Sinsheimer, Hermann (ed.). An den Wassern von Babylon . Ein fast heiteres Judenbüchlein (in German). Munich: Georg Müller. pp. 52–92.
Türme von hebräischen Büchern verbrannten, und Scheiterhaufen waren aufgerichtet, hoch bis in die Wolken, und Menschen verkohlten, zahllose, und Priesterstimmen sangen dazu: Gloria in excelsis Deo. Züge von Männern, Frauen, Kindern schleppten sich über den Platz, von allen Seiten; sie waren nackt oder in Lumpen, und sie hatten nichts mit sich als Leichen und die Fetzen von Bücherrollen, von zerrissenen, geschändeten, mit Kot besudelten Bücherrollen. Und ihnen folgten Männer im Kaftan und Frauen und Kinder in den Kleidern unserer Tage, zahllos, endlos.
- ^ a b "Paris gazette". NYPL Digital Collections. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Jean-Marc Chouraqui, Gilles Dorival, Colette Zytnicki, Enjeux d'Histoire, Jeux de Mémoire: les Usages du Passé Juif, Maisonneuve & Larose, 2006, p. 548
- ^ Exiles Memorial Center.
- ISBN 9780745650760.
- ^ Feuchtwanger and Exile Studies Journal 34-2021
- Peter Lang, 2009), 237–46.
- S2CID 161541246.
- ISBN 978-0-674-01503-6. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-6297-7
- ^ Hollywood and Hitler, 1933–1939, by Thomas Doherty, p. 59
- ^ Schönfeld, Christiane (2009). "Feuchtwanger and the Propaganda Ministry: The Transposition of Jud Süß from Novel to Nazi Film". Feuchtwanger-Studien. 1: 125–151.
- ^ a b c Cohen, Joshua (3 October 2022). "A Classic Novel of the Nazis' Rise That Holds Lessons for Today". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Roffman, Frederick S. (15 May 1983). "New Life for a Prescient Novel About Nazism". The New York Times.
- ^ "Lion Feuchtwanger: 'The Oppermanns' – DW – 10/08/2018". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ Dedication page from Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England, 1924.
- ISBN 9781910263266.
- ^ "Past Winners". Jewish Book Council. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
Further reading
- Jaretzky, Reinhold (1998), Lion Feuchtwanger: mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (5th ed.), Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, ISBN 3-499-50334-4
- Mauthner, Martin (2007), German Writers in French Exile 1933-1940, London: Vallentine Mitchell in association with EJPS, ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4
- von Sternburg, Wilhelm (1999), Lion Feuchtwanger. Ein deutsches Schriftstellerleben, Berlin: Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, ISBN 3-7466-1416-3
- Wagner, Hans (1996), Lion Feuchtwanger, Berlin: Morgenbuch, ISBN 3-371-00406-6
- Leupold, Hans (1975) [1967], Lion Feuchtwanger (2 ed.), Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut
- Feuchtwanger Studies - edited collection series from Peter Lang publishing – https://www.peterlang.com/series/fst
External links
- Works by Feuchtwanger at Project Gutenberg
- Feuchtwanger Memorial Library
- International Feuchtwanger Society (incl. Newsletter)
- Interview of Marta Feuchtwanger, wife of Lion, Center for Oral History Research, UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles.
- Villa Aurora – Marta & Lion Feuchtwanger
- Lion Feuchtwanger at IMDb
- Memorial article in Ha'artez, July 7,2014 (subscription required)
- Feuchtwanger Research
- Feuchtwanger Studies – book series