Kuwasi Balagoon
Kuwasi Balagoon | |
---|---|
Waverly Brown | |
Military career | |
Allegiance | United States |
Service/ | United States Army |
Years of service | 1964–1967 |
Kuwasi Balagoon (December 22, 1946 – December 13, 1986), born Donald Weems, was an American political activist, anarchist and member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army. Radicalised by race riots in his home state of Maryland growing up, as well as by his experiences while serving in the US Army, Weems became the black nationalist known as Kuwasi Balagoon in New York City in the late 1960s. First becoming involved in local Afrocentric organisations in Harlem, Balagoon would move on to become involved in the New York chapter of the Black Panther Party, which quickly saw him charged and arrested for criminal behaviour. Balagoon was initially part of the Panther 21 case, in which 21 panthers were accused of planning to bomb several locations in New York City, but although the Panther 21 were later acquitted, Balagoon's case was separated off and he was convicted of a New Jersey bank robbery.
While serving his sentence, Balagoon became disillusioned with the Black Panther Party and drifted into the more radical
Biography
Early life
Balagoon was born Donald Weems in the majority Black community of Lakeland in Prince George's County, Maryland on December 22, 1946. In the early 1960s the teenage Weems was influenced by Gloria Richardson and the Cambridge movement occurring in Maryland seeking civil rights for African-Americans. The Cambridge movement was noted for breaking away from "passive resistance" and becoming more militant, with Gloria Richardson defending active self-defence as a tactic. The Cambridge movement eventually led to the Cambridge riot of 1963, and the National Guard was sent into Maryland for a year as a result.[1]
After graduating high school, Weems joined the
Having served 3 years in the army, mostly in Germany, Weems was honourably discharged in 1967. He returned home to the United States and settled in New York City where his sister Dianne now lived.[1]
Activism in New York
After settling in New York City, Weems became an activist, and at first, was particularly active in rent strikes as part of the Community Council on Housing, a tenant's rights group. It was on behalf of the CCOH that in 1967, Weems, his sister Dianne, CCOH leader Jesse Gray and two other tenant activists were arrested for disorderly conduct in Washington, D.C. after they interrupted a session of Congress and brought a cage of rats to the assembly to highlight urban housing conditions. The action cost the CCOH what funding it had and Gray could no longer pay its mainstay activists.[1]
Following this, Weems moved on from the CCOH and joined the Central Harlem Committee for Self-Defense, a group involved with providing food and water to students who occupied buildings as part of the
Black nationalist
As the 1960s progressed, Balagoon became more and more involved in the
It was at this point that Balagoon joined the
Panther 21 trial
Balagoon was arrested in New Jersey in February 1969 and charged with bank robbery.
In the first week of October 1970, while awaiting trial, members of the Black Panther Party, including Balagoon, were involved in co-ordinated prison riots at both the Queens Branch House of Detention and Brooklyn House of Detention.[1][6][7] Balagoon was being held in Queens with Lumumba Shakur and fellow Panther 21 defendant Kwando Kinshasa where, during the rioting, seven hostages were taken. As authorities attempted to negotiate with the prisoners, who were demanding better conditions inside the prison and speedier trials, inside the prison Balagoon attempted to influence decision-making, believing decisions should be consensus-based. However, Balagoon ultimately felt that the prisoners allowed the Black Panthers to make the decisions, and began disengaging from meetings. The prisons were later retaken, and while Balagoon was disappointed with the outcome, he was evidently pleased with the experience, expressing the belief that the riots demonstrated ordinary people could overcome the power of the state.[1]
Balagoon's legal case was separated from 13 of those who had been arrested originally in the Panther 21 trial in order for Balagoon to face charges relating to the robbery in New Jersey. After two years of imprisonment, those 13 panthers were eventually acquitted. Meanwhile, in October 1971, Balagoon pled guilty to the charge that he attempted to shoot police officers during the Jersey robbery and he was sentenced to a term of between 23 and 29 years.[8][9]
Ideological changes
It was during this time that Balagoon became disillusioned with the BPP leadership. He was particularly disappointed by the expulsion from the party of former Army ranger Geronimo Pratt,[1] who was thrown out of the party after his arrest in December 1970 for the 1968 murder of Caroline Olsen.[10] Pratt was a popular figure amongst the New York members of the Panthers and his expulsion demoralised their ranks.[1] In 1997 Pratt's conviction for that murder was overturned.[10] Other factors continued to divide the West Coast and East Coast Panthers, including disagreements over out-of-town leadership and whether to embrace pan-Africanism nationalism or Internationalism. Tensions climaxed when the Panther leadership in California expelled members of the New York leadership Dhoruba bin Wahad, Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor and Connie Matthews. This led to the New York chapter of the Panthers officially splitting from the "national" Panthers.[1]
Although in prison, Balagoon was aware of these events and was demoralized by them. Balagoon, alongside many former Panthers imprisoned alongside himself, began to look ideologically towards anarchism in response. Balagoon came to believe the Black Panther Party had stopped being a party concerned with the daily struggle of Black people in America and instead one totally focused on defending its membership in court trials against the state. It was this new ideological view that also brought Balagoon towards a new radical Panther splinter group called the Black Liberation Army, which advocated fighting a "war" against the state by members who had gone "underground".[1]
First escape
On September 27, 1973, Balagoon escaped imprisonment and went "underground" himself. He remained so for approximately eight months until he was re-arrested following an attempt by Balagoon to take Richard Harris on the run as Harris was on temporary leave from prison to attend a funeral. Balagoon and Harris were caught after being wounded in a gun battle with correctional and police officers.[1]
Imprisoned once again, Balagoon committed further to Anarchism and began exploring the works of Wilhelm Reich, Emma Goldman, Errico Malatesta, Buenaventura Durruti and Severino Di Giovanni and trying to applying their thoughts to "Black Liberation". Balagoon also began to affiliate with the Republic of New Afrika, a group that advocated African-Americans identifying as "New Afrikans" and seeking a Black nation-state within North America. From this point onwards Balagoon identified as a "New Afrikan Anarchist".[1]
Second escape
Balagoon escaped from Rahway State Prison in New Jersey and went underground once again on May 27, 1978, this time going on the run with the Black Liberation Army. He was joined by the likes of Sekou Odinga who had returned from Africa. On November 2, 1979, Balagoon was amongst members of the BLA, with assistance from the
1981 Brink's robbery
In January 1982, Balagoon was captured and charged with participating, along with other members of the BLA, M19CO, and the
In July 1983, Balagoon was placed on trial alongside David Gilbert and Judith Alice Clark, white accomplices who had helped during the robbery.[15] Upon a motion by the defence, the trial was transferred from Rockland County to Orange County due to concerns regarding the partiality of the juror pool in Rockland.[15] During the trial, Balagoon dismissed legal representation and instead represented himself, using his speaking time to reject the authority of the court and to portray himself as a "prisoner of war".[1] During the trial Balagoon was allowed to call Odinga as a witness, who had previously been convicted of racketeering and conspiracy but acquitted of the robbery and any murder charges due to double jeopardy laws.[16] During Balagoon's examination of Odinga, Odinga confirmed that Balagoon and himself had been a part of the robbery and stated that the deaths that had taken place had been "justified". Previous to Odinga's testimony, none of the defendants had admitted any role in the robbery.[16]
Balagoon was convicted of murder and other charges[17] and sentenced to life imprisonment. Following the trial, Balagoon claimed in a letter "As to the seventy-five years in prison, I am not really worried, not only because I am in the habit of not completing sentences or waiting on parole or any of that nonsense but also because the State simply isn't going to last seventy-five or even fifty years."[18]
Final years
In an early 1980 television interview, Balagoon endorsed killing Black Liberation Army members who had become police informers and gave evidence used to convict BLA members such as Balagoon, Balagoon deriding them as "traitors". In the same interview, Balagoon described the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, in which two suicide bombers killed 307 people (mostly American and French peacekeeping forces) as "beautiful", "incredible" and that there was "a lot to learn" from it.[19]
Death
Balagoon died in prison of
Legacy
Balagoon authored several texts while in prison, writings that have become influential among Black and other anarchists since first being published and distributed by anarchist prisoner support networks in the 1980s and 1990s.[22] In 2019, PM Press released Kuwasi Balagoon: A Soldier's Story. This collection of writings by and about Balagoon was edited by Matt Meyer and Karl Kersplebedeb and includes contributions from Sekou Odinga, David Gilbert, Meg Starr, Ashanti Alston, and other activists.[23]
Since 2020, Black and Pink, a prison abolitionist organization supporting LGBTQ and HIV-positive prisoners, has run a "Kuwasi Balagoon award" for those living with HIV/AIDS.[24]
References
- ^ ProQuest 1662047452. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
The prosecution case had three undercover agents who rested heavily on testimony they had infiltrated the New York branch of the Panther party. They testified they had heard the defendants plot to bomb police precincts, department stores, railway and subway installations and the Bronx Botanical Garden. They also testified to having attended classes conducted by the Panthers that included simulated firing and instructions on how to make bombs, and on guerrilla warfare. The undercover agents also testified that they had heard the defendants urge that all members of the party have guns and know how to use them, and that they had ad vocated killing "pigs," as they called policemen.
- New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
- New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^ "Black Liberation Army member Donald Weems, wanted on murder". United Press International. January 21, 1982.
- New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ^ Irish Times. June 3, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^ Jones, David (May 2, 2013). "New Jersey trooper's killer is first woman on FBI most wanted terror list". Reuters. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- New York Times. October 7, 1983. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^ "Memorial marks 40 years since deadly Brink's armored car robbery at Nanuet mall". ABC News. October 20, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- New York Times. October 22, 1981. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
- ^ a b "3 GO ON TRIAL TODAY IN GOSHEN IN '81 BRINK'S SLAYINGS". The New York Times. July 11, 1983. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ^ Associated Press (October 24, 1984). "THE CITY; Defendant Guilty In 2d Brink's Case". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
- ^ Kuwasi Balagoon (December 9, 1983). Kuwasi Balagoon: Letters from Prison. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
- ^ Kuwasi Balagoon interview on WPIX News. WPIX. 1983.
- ISBN 978-1-60486-035-1
- ^ Loughery, Jessica (December 13, 2006), "Freedom Song: Building an Icon Out of Kuwasi Balagoon", Philadelphia City Paper, retrieved March 9, 2021
- ^ Balagoon, Kuwasi. Letters from Prison. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ "A Soldier's Story: Revolutionary Writings by a New Afrikan Anarchist, Third Edition". pmpress.org. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ^ "Black & Pink's Inaugural Kuwasi Balagoon Awards, Celebrating Those Thriving with HIV/AIDS". Black and Pink. Retrieved August 30, 2022.