LLZO

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LLZO
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
  • InChI=1S/3La.7Li.12O.2Zr/q3*+3;7*+1;12*-2;2*+4
    Key: SHSHVJZBGYRKOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • [La+3].[La+3].[La+3].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4].[Zr+4]
Properties
La3Li7O12Zr2
Molar mass 839.73 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide (LLZO, Li7La3Zr2O12) or lithium lanthanum zirconate is a

solid-state batteries.[3]
LLZO exhibits favorable characteristics, including the accessibility of starting materials, cost-effectiveness, and straightforward preparation and densification processes. These attributes position this zirconium-containing lithium garnet as a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.

Moreover, LLZO demonstrates a notable total conductivity, surpassing most other solid lithium-ion conductors and many lithium garnets. The fact that the total and bulk conductivities are of the same order of magnitude distinguishes LLZO garnet-type oxide as particularly attractive when compared to other ceramic lithium-ion conductors. This suggests that LLZO, with its garnet-like structure, holds significant promise for enhancing the performance of solid-state lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. [4]

Since oxygen, zirconium, and lanthanum in LLZO are rigidly bound in the framework of the garnet-like structure,[5] their mobility will be negligible at operating temperatures and, hence, the ionic motion is due to the transport of Li+ ions.

The enhanced lithium ion conductivity and reduced activation energy observed in LLZO, compared to other lithium-containing garnets, can be attributed to several factors. These include an expansion in the cubic lattice constant, an increase in lithium ion concentration, reduced chemical interactions between Li+ ions and other lattice ions, and improved densification. Even when compared to the conductivity of the relatively unstable polycrystalline Li3N at lower temperatures,[6] LLZO demonstrates comparable performance. However, at elevated temperatures, LLZO outperforms Li3N, exhibiting a higher total conductivity.

LLZO has two stable phases: the

tetragonal phase and the cubic (Cubic crystal system) phase. Although the tetragonal phase can be obtained at lower synthesis temperatures than the cubic phase, the latter has higher conductivity than the former.[7] Both phases possess the same structural framework but there is a difference in the distribution of Li atoms, which dominantly determines the ionic conductivity of LLZO, Li ions have more available sites for migration in the cubic phase than in the tetragonal phase.[8] Moreover, the cubic phase LLZO is very stable in air while the tetragonal phase suffers from a phase transition occurring at around 100 – 150 °C in air.[9]

Press reports have stated that LLZO is believed to be the electrolyte used by QuantumScape for their solid-state lithium metal battery.[10]

Japanese company

Lithium ion battery with LLZO as electrolyte.[11]

LLZO has also been used as an electrolyte material in next-generation lithium-sulfur batteries.[12]

References

  1. S2CID 105578102
    .
  2. S2CID 139965509
    .
  3. ISSN 0079-6425
    .
  4. PMID 17803180
    .
  5. doi:10.1002/chin.200441007
    .
  6. doi:10.1016/0167-2738(82)90012-1
    .
  7. doi:10.1149/2.003203esl
    .
  8. doi:10.3390/electrochem2030026
    .
  9. PMID 21188978
    .
  10. ^ Temple, James (2020-12-08). "This super energy dense battery could nearly double the range of electric vehicles". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
  11. ^ "Niterra". Niterra.
  12. ^ "Battery and Supercapacitor Materials". American Elements. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
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