Lithium titanate
It has been suggested that this article should be lithium metatitanate. (discuss ) (May 2022) |
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Other names
Lithium metatitanate
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Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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ECHA InfoCard
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100.031.586 |
PubChem CID
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
Li2TiO3 | |
Molar mass | 109.76 |
Appearance | White powder[1] |
Density | 3.43 g/cm3[2] |
Melting point | 1,533 °C (2,791 °F; 1,806 K)[1] |
Structure[3] | |
Monoclinic, mS48, No. 15 | |
C2/c | |
a = 0.505 nm, b = 0.876 nm, c = 0.968 nm α = 90°°, β = 100°°, γ = 90°°
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Lattice volume (V)
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0.4217 nm3 |
Formula units (Z)
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8 |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Lithium titanates are chemical compounds of lithium, titanium and oxygen. They are mixed oxides and belong to the titanates. The most important lithium titanates are:
- lithium titanate spinel, Li4Ti5O12 and the related compounds up to Li7Ti5O12. These titanates are used in lithium-titanate batteries.
- lithium metatitanate, a compound with the chemical formula Li2TiO3 and a melting point of 1,533 °C (2,791 °F)[4] It is a white powder with possible applications in tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.
Other lithium titanates, i.e. mixed oxides of the system Li2O–TiO2, are:
- Lithium orthotitanate Li4TiO4, melting point of 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)[4]
- Ramsdellite lithium titanate Li2Ti3O7 and LixTiO2 (0 ≦ x ≦ 0.57) with ramsdellite structure.[5]
Lithium metatitanate
Lithium metatitanate is a compound with the chemical formula Li2TiO3. It is a white powder with a melting point of 1,533 °C (2,791 °F).[4] It is also used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a flux due to its good stability.[6] In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications.[7]
Crystallization
The most stable lithium titanate phase is β-Li2TiO3 that belongs to the
Uses in sintering
The sintering process is taking a powder, putting it into a mold and heating it to below its melting point. Sintering is based on atomic diffusion, the atoms in the powder particle diffuse into surrounding particles eventually forming a solid or porous material.
It has been discovered that Li2TiO3 powders have a high purity and good sintering ability.[11]
Uses as a cathode
Molten carbonate fuel cells
Lithium titanate is used as a cathode in layer one of a double layer cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells. These fuel cells have two material layers, layer 1 and layer 2, which allow for the production of high power molten carbonate fuel cells that work more efficiently.[12]
Lithium-ion batteries
Li2TiO3 is used in the cathode of some
Lithium-titanate battery
The lithium-titanate battery is a rechargeable battery that is much faster to charge than other lithium-ion batteries. It differs from other lithium-ion batteries because it uses lithium-titanate on the anode surface rather than carbon. This is advantageous because it does not create a solid electrolyte interface layer, which acts as a barrier to the ingress and egress of Li-ion to and from the anode. This allows lithium-titanate batteries to be recharged more quickly and provide higher currents when necessary. A disadvantage of the lithium-titanate battery is a much lower capacity and voltage than the conventional lithium-ion battery. The lithium-titanate battery is currently being used in battery electric vehicles[citation needed] and other specialist applications.
Tritium breeding
Fusion reactions, such as those in the proposed ITER thermonuclear demonstrator reactor, are fueled by tritium and deuterium. Tritium resources are extremely limited in their availability, with total resources currently estimated at twenty kilograms. Lithium-containing ceramic pebbles can be used as solid breeder materials in a component known as a helium-cooled breeder blanket for the production of tritium.[13] The breeding blanket constitutes a key component of the ITER reactor design. In such reactor designs tritium is produced by neutrons leaving the plasma and interacting with lithium in the blanket. Li2TiO3 along with Li4SiO4 are attractive as tritium breeding materials because they exhibit high tritium release, low activation, and chemical stability.[7]
Synthesis of lithium-titanate breeder powder
Li2TiO3 powder is most commonly prepared by the mixing of lithium carbonate, Ti-nitrate solution, and citric acid followed by calcination, compaction, and sintering. The nanocrystalline material created is used as a breeder powder due to its high purity and activity.[14][12][15]
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 94426898.
- .
- ^ Claverie J., Foussier C., Hagenmuller P. (1966) Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 244-246
- ^ a b c Dorian Hanaor; Matthias Kolb; Yixiang Gan; Marc Kamlah; Regina Knitter (2014). "Mixed phase materials in the Li4SiO4 Li2TiO3 system". Journal of Nucl Materials. 456: 151–166.
- .
- ^ "Lithium Titanate Fact Sheet". Product Code: LI2TI03. Thermograde. Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ S2CID 94426898.
- .
- .
- .
- S2CID 233544019. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ a b Prohaska, Armin et al. (1997) U.S. patent 6,420,062 "Double layer cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells and method for producing the same"
- S2CID 234865541.
- ^ A. Shrivastava, T. Kumar, R. Shukla, P. Chaudhuri, Li2TiO3 pebble fabrication by freeze granulation & freeze drying method, Fusion Eng. Des. 168 (2021) 112411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112411.
- S2CID 123286397.