Lake Monongahela
Lake Monongahela | ||
---|---|---|
Primary inflows Laurentide Ice Sheet | | |
Primary outflows | Ohio River | |
Basin countries | United States | |
First flooded | 900,000 years before present | |
Max. length | 122 mi (196 km) | |
Max. width | 365 mi (587 km) 212 mi (341 km) | |
Residence time | 170,000 years in existence | |
Surface elevation | c. 1,160 ft (354 m) | |
References | Lake Monongahela: Anatomy of an Immense Ice Age Pond; John A. Harper; Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey; 1997. |
Lake Monongahela was a
Preglacial drainage
The Monongahela flowed north from Lewis County to Pittsburgh. Here, the Lower Allegheny joined and they continued westward in the Ohio River valley to Beaver, Pennsylvania. At Beaver, the predecessor of the upper Ohio River joined and together the water flowed northwest, up the Beaver River into Ohio. Using a combination of waterways it crossed the divide into the Lake Erie basin to join the ancestral St. Lawrence River through Canada.[1]
- The “Upper Allegheny” River began in McKean County, south of Bradford flowing north into New York. Possibly following Conawango Creek to the Lake Erie basin to join the ancestral St. Lawrence River through Canada.[1]
- The “Middle Allegheny” River began in French Creek. Crossing the divide outside of Erie into the Lake Erie Basin, where it joins ancestral St. Lawrence River through Canada.[1]
- The “Lower Allegheny” River originated in the Clarion River valleys in Elk, Forest, and Jefferson Counties. Following the Clarion River, it flowed southward to join the Monongahela River at Pittsburgh.[1]
- The “Ohio River” was a tributary of the Monongahela River, joining the Monongahela at Beaver.[1]
The preglacial Monongahela River drained three fourths of combined drainage of the modern Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny Rivers.[1]
Lake Monongahela
Around 900,000 years before present (YBP) the
Once Lake Monongahela formed, the water drowned the existing
I. C. White, the first director of the West Virginia Geological Survey, named this body of water Lake Monongahela (White, 1896). It resembled a man-made lake more than a natural lake. The river system was blocked and the water backed into all the side valleys. This happened at least twice. Each lake left evidence at a different elevation (White, 1896; Leverett, 1934) throughout the valley.[1] As the water rose, it reached the divides of the side valley, until it finally escaped over the divide of the ancestral Ohio River, carving the notch lower. Once flowing over the divide, the water followed the front of the ice sheet, creating the Ohio River. The three Allegheny Rivers shown above merged into one, which joined the Monongahela at Pittsburgh. The newly combined waters moved down the Ohio and then up the ancestral tributary of the Ohio until it flowed over the divide at New Martinsville. The Ohio replaced the Monongahela as the dominant stream.[1]
Terraces
The lake's age has been determined by the lake sediments and terrace deposits. The sediments reveal a change in the magnetic polarity during the life of the lake, with the oldest deposits being between 730,000 and 900,000 years ago. Other terrace deposits show later periods of ponding.[2] Pollen from a pine-spruce forest dominate the oldest sediments. This reflects a climate which would have been created by the proximity of the ice sheet. Younger sediments contain pollen and plant fossils of a hemlock-hardwoods association, reflecting the moderating climate as the ice sheets retreated northward. [2]
White (1896) and Marine (1997) described five terraces that occur along or near the valley walls of the Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny Rivers and their major tributaries in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. These relatively flat landforms contain soils composed of highly weathered deposits of clay, silt, sand, and gravel distributed at elevations as high as 300 feet (91 m) above present stream levels. These sediments are lacustrine, or lake-derived, deposition.[1] Campbell (1902) named the Carmichaels Formation are lacustrine sediments exposed at Carmichaels in Greene County, Pa. These deposits are found throughout southwestern Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. They typically contain reddish-orange to tan clays, silts, and sands. They can contain cobbles and boulders from the local bedrock (Donahue and Kirchner, 1998). The clays are of high quality and were the source for the early pottery industry in the Pittsburgh area. Carmichaels Formation deposits occur on the upper two terrace levels in all the river valleys or on the lower terraces in the Monongahela Valley and in the valleys of the eastern tributaries of the Allegheny River.[1] The other outwash deposits on the Allegheny, Ohio, and Beaver River terraces have no names. These deposits are typically red rust-colored, deeply weathered gravels composed of small, rounded pebbles generally less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. Up to 10% of the pebbles are granites and other crystalline rocks. Some are cemented to form sandstones and other conglomerates. Others are loose assortments of silt, sand, and gravel. These outwash deposits occur on several terrace levels.[1]
See also
References
- Campbell (1902) named the Carmichaels Formation for lacustrine sediments exposed at Carmichaels in Greene County, Pa. Carmichaels Formation terrace deposits occur throughout southwestern
- Hickock, W. O., IV, and Moyer, F. T., 1940, Geology and mineral resources of Fayette County, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., County Report 26, 530 p.
- Jacobson, R. B., Elston, D. P., and Heaton, J. W., 1988, Stratigraphy and magnetic polarity of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Ohio: Quaternary Research, v. 29, p. 216–232.
- Lessig, H. D., 1961, Soils of the high terrace remnants in the upper Ohio Valley: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 61, p. 286–294.
- Leverett, Frank, 1934, Glacial deposits outside the Wisconsin terminal moraine in Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., General Geology Report 7, 123 p.
- Marine, J. T., 1997, Terrace deposits associated with ancient Lake Monongahela in the lower Allegheny drainage, western Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh, M.S. thesis, 182 p.
- Wagner, W. R., Craft, J. L., Heyman, Louis, and Harper, J. A., comps., 1975, Greater Pittsburgh region geologic map and cross sections: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., Map 42, scale 1:250,000, 4 sheets.
- Wagner, W. R., Heyman, Louis, Gray, R. E., and others, 1970, Geology of the Pittsburgh area: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., General Geology Report 59, p. 90.
- White, G. W., Totten, S. M., and Gross, D. L., 1969, Pleistocene stratigraphy of northwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th ser., General Geology Report 55, 88 p.
- White, I. C., 1896, Origin of the high terrace deposits of the Monongahela River: American Geologist, v. 18, p. 368–379.