Lake San Agustín
Lake San Agustín | |
---|---|
Coordinates | 33°49′N 108°11′W / 33.82°N 108.19°W[1] |
Lake San Agustín is a
The lake may have been an important resource for local
Description
The area of the former lake is now part of
Three lake basins, connected by channels, lie on the floor of the former lake; these are C-N Lake at 2,101 metres (6,893 ft) elevation, San Agustin Lake at 2,065 metres (6,775 ft), and White Lake at 2,119 metres (6,952 ft).
Former state
At
The former lake left
Its
Flora and fauna
Lake sediments contain remnants of
Animal fossils found in lake deposits include unidentified species,[30] but also fish and:[31]
- Amphibians such as frogs, mole salamanders, North American spadefoots and toads.[32]
- Birds such as
- Mammals such as jackrabbits, mammoths, muskrats, peccaries, prairie dogs, rabbits, short-faced bears, smooth-toothed pocket gophers and Microtus voles. They are part of the Rancholabrean fauna[32][33] and one of its most important New Mexico sites.[35]
- More than 30 species of molluscs.[33]
- Reptiles such as mud turtles.[36]
History
Based on a 300 metres (980 ft) long
Lakes may have existed for 650,000 years in the Plains of San Agustín
By around 13,200 years ago, water levels had dropped beneath the 2,105 metres (6,906 ft) elevation
Lake San Agustín is one of many pluvial lakes in the wider region[2] of Arizona, California, Nevada and New Mexico.[50] During the ice age, the Laurentide Ice Sheet expanded and displaced the jet stream and its precipitation systems to the south; simultaneously the Atlantic Ocean cooled and the Pacific warmed, increasing moisture supply to the region of the present-day Southwestern United States.[51]
Archeology
Numerous
Most sites are associated with the smaller basins, implying that human activity came towards the end of Lake San Agustín's existence when it was shrinking and the smaller basins had turned into marshes and ponds.[10] As water availability declined during the Holocene, occupation in the San Agustín area declined as well,[54] especially after the demise of the Horse Springs lake.[55] Early populations were hunters, later they experimented with agriculture.[25]
Various projects to manage the cultural heritage took place in the San Agustín area, of mostly limited spatial extent except for those associated with the Very Large Array. Some of them relied on projectile points from private collections.[56] According to an Ndé Apache creation myth, the creator Ussen warned her creation White Painted Woman of a large flood; White Painted Woman took refuge in an abalone shell and eventually became stranded on the San Agustín plains. White Painted Woman there gave rise to Child of the Water, the progenitor of the Ndé people.[57]
Present-day climate and vegetation
The region has a
Present-day vegetation consists of
Research history
Early reconnaissance was carried out by Kirk Bryan, with the results published in 1926.[60] Bryan was the first to identify the existence of a former lake and named it "Lake San Augustin".[14] In 1939 William E. Powers published a detailed study of the remnants of the former lake.[60] Early research considered the possibility of an earlier overspill to the Rio Grande or even to the Gila River.[61] Archeological surveys took place after World War II.[53] In the 1990s, fossils were found on the ground of the Very Large Array.[62]
Pollen deposits from the lake were used to reconstruct the vegetation of New Mexico during the LGM;[63] they show a vegetation of pine-spruce woodlands with frequent Artemisia.[26] Attempts to reconstruct the Pleistocene climate across several glacial cycles have all failed as of 2005[update],[64] and as of 2014[update] none of the shorelines have been dated.[44]
Geology
The valley the lake formed in is a tectonic
Apart from one Permian outcrop, all the rocks around the Plains of San Agustín are volcanic rocks of Eocene to Quaternary age[69] with compositions ranging from basalt to rhyolite.[71] West of the graben lies the dominating Horse Mountain volcano, which was active 14 million years ago, and there are other volcanic buttes in the vicinity.[5]
References
- ^ Shuman & Serravezza 2017, p. 63.
- ^ a b c Potter 1957, p. 114.
- ^ a b Markgraf et al. 1984, p. 337.
- ^ a b c d e f Parker, Tanaka & Senske 2002, p. 24.
- ^ a b c d e f Parker, Tanaka & Senske 2002, p. 25.
- ^ Hudson et al. 2023, p. 3.
- ^ a b c Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 20.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 280.
- ^ Hudson et al. 2023, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 272.
- ^ a b Cole 1963, p. 405.
- ^ Markgraf et al. 1984, p. 341.
- ^ Foreman et al. 1959, p. 120.
- ^ a b c Powers 1933, p. 51.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hill & Holliday 2011, p. 6.
- ^ a b c Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 139.
- ^ Ratte 2001, p. 3.
- ^ Goman 2014, p. 7.
- ^ Berman 1979, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e Potter 1957, p. 115.
- ^ Powers 1933, p. 52.
- ^ a b Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 108.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 177.
- ^ Pazzaglia 2004, p. 8.
- ^ a b Julyan 2006, p. 279.
- ^ a b Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 172.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 202.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 350.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 351.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 395.
- ^ a b Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, pp. 202, 222.
- ^ a b Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, pp. 202, 222, 242.
- ^ a b c Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 281.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 394.
- ^ Lucas & Sullivan 2015, p. 256.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 222.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 39.
- ^ Reineck & Singh 1980, p. 254.
- ^ Dello-Russo 2012, p. 56.
- ^ Wilkins & Currey 1997, p. 312.
- ^ Abu Ghazleh & Kempe 2009, p. 261.
- ^ Krider 1998, p. 287.
- ^ Dello-Russo 2012, p. 57.
- ^ a b Goman 2014, p. 15.
- ^ Hudson et al. 2023, p. 4.
- ^ Hudson et al. 2023, p. 22.
- ^ Hudson et al. 2023, p. 23.
- ^ Hill & Holliday 2011, p. 3.
- ^ Hurt 1953, p. 209.
- ^ Dean et al. 2006, p. 106.
- ^ Brook et al. 2006, p. 502.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 263.
- ^ a b Berman 1979, p. 8.
- ^ Hill & Holliday 2011, p. 15.
- ^ Hill & Holliday 2011, p. 17.
- ^ Hill & Holliday 2011, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Babcock 2016, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Markgraf et al. 1984, pp. 337–338.
- ^ Goman 2014, p. 2.
- ^ a b Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 35.
- ^ Blackwelder 1948, p. 117.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 201.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 179.
- ^ Lucas, Morgan & Zeigler 2005, p. 112.
- ^ Hill & Holliday 2011, p. 4.
- ^ Blanchard 1982, p. 31.
- ^ Berman 1979, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Ratte et al. 1994, p. 1.
- ^ a b Ratte 2001, p. 1.
- ^ Ratte 2001, p. 2.
- ^ Foreman et al. 1959, p. 117.
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- Babcock, Matthew (2016). Apache Adaptation to Hispanic Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-34405-7.
- Berman, Mary Jane (1979). Cultural resources overview of Socorro, New Mexico. USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region – via Google Books.
- OCLC 248477934.
- Blanchard, Douglas P. (1982). Workshop on the Rio Grande Rift: Crustal Modeling and Applications of Remote Sensing.
- Brook, George A.; Ellwood, Brooks B.; Railsback, L. Bruce; Cowart, James B. (4 August 2006). "A 164 ka record of environmental change in the American Southwest from a Carlsbad Cavern speleothem". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 237 (2): 483–507. ISSN 0031-0182.
- Cole, Gerald A. (1963). "The American southwest and middle America". Limnology in North America (PDF). University of Wisconsin Press, Madison. pp. 393–434.
- Dean, Walter; Rosenbaum, Joseph; Skipp, Gary; Colman, Steven; Forester, Richard; Liu, An; Simmons, Kathleen; Bischoff, James (1 March 2006). "Unusual Holocene and late Pleistocene carbonate sedimentation in Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA". Sedimentary Geology. 185 (1): 93–112. S2CID 129111696.
- Dello-Russo, Robert (January 2012). Continued Interdisciplinary Research at the Water Canyon Paleoindian Site (LA 134764), Socorro County, New Mexico - Interim Report for the 2010 Field Season and Data Recovery Plan for the 2012 Season (Report). Paleoindian research at the Water Canyon site. Office of Archaeological Studies, Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe. .
- Foreman, Fred; Clisby, Kathryn H.; Sears, Paul B.; Stearns, Charles E. (1959). "Plio-Pleistocene sediments and climates of the San Augustin Plains, New Mexico". Radiocarbon. 10 (20): 50–100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.511.2405.
- Goman, Michelle (2014). Human Environment Interactions - Volume 2. SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. S2CID 185552752.
- Hill, Matthew E. Jr.; Holliday, Vance T. (March 2011). "Paleoindian and later occupations along ancient shorelines of the San Agustín Plains, New Mexico". Journal of Field Archaeology. 36 (1): 3–20. S2CID 129898048.
- Hudson, Adam M.; Quade, Jay; Holliday, Vance T.; Fenerty, Brendan; Bright, Jordon E.; Gray, Harrison J.; Mahan, Shannon A. (June 2023). "Paleohydrologic history of pluvial lake San Agustin, New Mexico: Tracking changing effective moisture in southwest North America through the last glacial transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 310: 108110. S2CID 258895879.
- Hurt, Wesley R. (1953). "A Comparative Study of the Preceramic Occupations of North America". American Antiquity. 18 (3): 204–222. S2CID 162345541.
- Julyan, Robert (2006). The Mountains of New Mexico. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-3516-6.
- Krider, P. Reed (1 November 1998). "Paleoclimatic Significance of Late Quaternary Lacustrine and Alluvial Stratigraphy, Animas Valley, New Mexico". Quaternary Research. 50 (3): 283–289. S2CID 128813738.
- Lucas, Spencer G.; Morgan, Gary S.; Zeigler, Kate E., eds. (2005). New Mexico's Ice Ages (Report). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science – via Google Books.
- Lucas, Spencer G.; Sullivan, Robert M. (2015). Vertebrate Paleontology in New Mexico (Report). Vol. 68. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science – via Google Books.
- Markgraf, Vera; Bradbury, J. Platt; Forester, R. M.; Singh, G.; Sternberg, R. S. (November 1984). "San Agustin Plains, New Mexico: Age and Paleoenvironmental Potential Reassessed". Quaternary Research. 22 (3): 336–343. S2CID 129754270 – via ResearchGate.
- Parker, Timothy J.; Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Senske, David A., eds. (2002). Abstracts of the Annual Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting June 18–19, 2001 (Report). U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 02-078.
- Pazzaglia, Frank J. (2004). "Neogene (rift flank) and Quaternary geology and geomorphology". The Geology of New Mexico: New Mexico Geological Society Special Publication (Report). Vol. 11. pp. 407–437.
- Potter, Loren D. (1957). "Phytosociological Study of San Augustin Plains, New Mexico". Ecological Monographs. 27 (2): 114–136. JSTOR 1948572.
- Powers, W. E. (13 January 1933). "The Extinct Lake San Augustin, New Mexico". Science. 77 (1985): 51–52. PMID 17792393.
- Ratte, James C.; Modreski, P. J.; McIntosh, W. C.; Chamberlin, R. (1994). "The Horse Springs Dacite--An enigmatic pyroclastic deposit at the edge of the Plains of San Agustin". Mogollon Slope, west-central New Mexico. By Chamberlin, Richard M.; Kues, Barry S.; Cather, Steven M.; Barker, James B.; McIntosh, William C. New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook, 45th Field Conference. pp. 193–207.
- Ratte, J. C. (2001). Geologic map of the Tularosa Mountains 30' x 60' quadrangle, Catron County, New Mexico (Report). doi:10.3133/i2619.
- Reineck, Hans-Erich; Singh, Indra Bir (1980), "Lake Environment", Depositional Sedimentary Environments, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 241–256, ISBN 978-3-540-10189-5, retrieved 2021-09-26
- Shuman, Bryan N.; Serravezza, Marc (1 October 2017). "Patterns of hydroclimatic change in the Rocky Mountains and surrounding regions since the last glacial maximum". Quaternary Science Reviews. 173: 58–77. ISSN 0277-3791.
- Wilkins, David E.; Currey, Donald R. (May 1997). "Timing and Extent of Late Quaternary Paleolakes in the Trans-Pecos Closed Basin, West Texas and South-Central New Mexico". Quaternary Research. 47 (3): 306–315. S2CID 140734051 – via ResearchGate.
External links
- Blodgett, Daniel D. (2008). Hydrogeology of the San Augustin Plains, New Mexico (PDF) (Report).
- Harris, Arthur H. (2008). Pleistocene vertebrates of Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas (Report) – via ResearchGate.