Lake Estancia
Lake Estancia | |
---|---|
Estancia Valley, New Mexico | |
Coordinates | 35°N 106°W / 35°N 106°W |
Type | former lake |
Max. length | 56 kilometres (35 miles) |
Max. width | 37 kilometres (23 miles) |
Lake Estancia was a lake formed in the
Lake Estancia appears to have formed between the
The lake was one of several
History and climatological implications
The Estancia Valley became a
The low thickness of lake sediments in the Estancia Valley suggests that the lake began to form only in the middle Pleistocene.
Last Glacial Maximum and later
The lake sediment record indicates that shallow lakes re-formed between 45,000 and 40,000 years ago. Water levels began to rise 24,000 years ago,[12] and at least five highstands occurred during the LGM,[13] with two more before and after the LGM.[14] At least ten separate oscillations in water levels took place.[15] Radiocarbon dating has yielded ages of 24,300 years ago for the first freshwater stage and 20,040 for the gap between the second and third freshwater stage.[16] The expansion of lakes during the LGM was triggered by the growth of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which forced the jet stream southward.[15] A highstand around 23,000 years ago appears to coincide with Heinrich event 2,[17] an episode in the North Atlantic where ice discharge into the ocean was increased and impeded heat transport by ocean currents.[18]
The highstands lasted until 18,100–17,000 years ago when water levels declined,
Another highstand took place after the "Big Dry"
There were two more highstands 14,000–12,500 years ago, followed by desiccation 12,000[34] or 14,000 years ago[14] when the lake declined over the course of a millennium.[34] This decline of water levels was a consequence of a drier climate in the Southwestern United States,[11] the so-called "Clovis-age drought",[35] and relates to the Bølling-Allerød period, a time period where climate changed.[11] The exposed lake bed was eroded by wind, producing dunes.[14] "Lake Willard",[36] the final highstand at about 1,860 meters (6,100 feet) elevation, has been linked to the Younger Dryas[37][14] when a moister climate returned to the Southwestern United States.[11] It took place 11,000–10,000 years ago and was short lived.[34] Ridges on the eastern side of the Estancia Valley formed during this highstand.[38]
Similarities have been noted between the record of Lake Estancia and that of Lake Cochise in Arizona, Lake Mojave in California[39] and San Luis Lake in Colorado.[40] The timing of Lake Estancia highstands is coherent with the timing of highstands in other Great Basin lakes.[41] Water levels at other Great Basin lakes too declined with the Bølling-Allerød period[42] and concomitant abrupt global climate change.[43] Conversely, the water level changes at Lake Estancia are opposite to lake-level fluctuations at low latitudes.[44] Lake level rises probably took only a few decades.[45] Fluctuations in water levels occurred secondarily to changes in the atmospheric moisture transport.[44]
Short term changes
Millennial-scale oscillations are documented from lake deposits,
Holocene
Beach terraces and other beach deposits were emplaced early in the Holocene;
Geography and geomorphology
Lake Estancia developed within the
Estancia Valley covers an area of 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 square miles)[13] and is flanked to the east by the Pedernal Hills,[68] to the northwest by the Sandia Mountains, to the west by the Manzano Mountains, to the south by the Juames Mesa[69] and Chupadera Mesa[37] and to the southeast by the Rattlesnake Hills.[69] The Estancia Basin is near the Rio Grande-Pecos River drainage divide.[70]
The central points of the valley contain over sixty
The lake
At its greatest extent,[75] the lake was about 56 kilometres (35 miles) by 37 kilometres (23 miles) wide[76] and covered the present-day locations of Estancia, McIntosh, Progresso and Willard.[75] The lake may have resembled Lake Tahoe in California, although Lake Tahoe is deeper.[77] Lake Estancia was the easternmost pluvial lake in Southwestern North America.[78]
Distinct shoreline landforms in the Estancia Valley occur at various elevations, including bars, beaches,[79][80] gravel deposits, ridges,[81] scarps,[82] spits,[79] swales,[81] terraces and wave-cut cliffs.[79] A spit protruded northward into a bay on Lake Estancia's eastern shore.[7] On the eastern side of Lake Estancia is a gypsum ridge about 3 meters (9.8 feet) high and 20 kilometres (12 miles) long, and smaller ridges are found elsewhere.[83] These features are subdivided into an "older", less well developed shoreline at higher elevations and a "younger", better developed shoreline at lower elevations.[79] Most shoreline deposits were formed by the accumulation of material; only in a few places did the lake actively erode pre-existing terrain.[84]
Water levels may have reached 1,939 meters (6,362 feet) above sea level during the early Lake Estancia stage, 1,897 meters (6,224 feet) during the late Lake Estancia stage and possibly 1,870 meters (6,140 feet) during the "Lake Willard" stage,[69] a late highstand.[85] At maximum elevation the lake would have covered 2,340 square kilometres (900 square miles) and been 125 meters (410 feet) deep,[9] while the Wisconsin-age lake was only 50 meters (160 feet) deep with an area of 1,170 square kilometres (450 square miles) and "Lake Willard" may have reached 20 meters (66 feet) depth and 610 square kilometres (240 square miles) surface area, although the estimated elevation is uncertain.[86] During low water level stages shallow water or marshes covered the floor of Lake Estancia.[12] Beach ridges from a last filling of the lake are found at the eastern edge of the lake floor.[34]
Channels of streams reach the higher shorelines and less recognizable channels continue to lower shorelines.
Lake deposits and post-lake dunes
The lake deposited flint-gray clay[90] and gypsum during its high water level stages.[91] Deposits from lake level rises have been classified as a geological formation, the Dog Lake Formation.[92] During low water level stages, sulfate-rich groundwater formed gypsum,[55] which together with silt constitutes the low-stand deposits.[90] During low water level stages playa deposits and flood sediments accumulated in the dry lake bed,[16] forming among other things the so-called "Estancia Playa Complex".[93]
The Estancia Dune Field is a 120 square kilometres (46 square miles) dune field in Estancia Valley.[38] It consists of gypsum dunes, a rare type of dunes.[94] These dunes were generated when the lake dried up and gypsum was blown away by the wind.[95][38] Wind-driven excavation of the dry lakebed has produced a scarp,[96] lunette dunes,[f][82] dome-shaped landforms and crescent-shaped ridges.[38]
Hydrology
The lake was fed by a centripetal pattern of streams and by groundwater, with highstands being fed mainly by streams and low water level stages by groundwater. The Manzano Mountains were its main water source[37] but there were no glaciers in its watershed.[98] The total watershed of Lake Estancia had an area of about 5,050 square kilometres (1,950 square miles), about 22% of which were occupied by the lake during the late Wisconsin glaciation.[63] This is a large proportion of the watershed, a consequence of the high elevation of Lake Estancia which resulted in lower temperatures and thus slower evaporation than lakes at lower elevation.[99] The water ultimately originated from the Pacific Ocean and westerly winds transported it to Lake Estancia.[48] Groundwater discharge buffered the lake against climatic variations.[100]
Leakage of groundwater out of the lake may have become significant at high water levels, thus stabilizing various highstands at a similar elevation around 1,890 metres (6,200 feet) when the amount of groundwater leaking out matched that of inflowing water.[37] In particular, water may have leaked along groundwater pathways[92] and the Chupadera Fault southwards into the Tularosa Basin during the Wisconsin glaciation, stabilizing Lake Estancia's water levels at about 1,900 metres (6,200 feet)[34] despite the progressive infilling of the lake basin.[49]
The lake was at times hypersaline and at times freshwater. This was confirmed by
Overflow
A broad saddle at 1,932 meters (6,339 feet) elevation separates the Estancia basin from the Pinos Wells basin to the south. Initial research did not encounter shoreline landforms at the elevation of this sill and thus concluded that no overflow took place, but in the mid-20th century traces of a former shoreline were found above the sill elevation.[79] Further late-20th century research did not find evidence of shorelines at overflow elevation[107] or of flow at the supposed sill.[92][108] The lake probably did not overflow during the Wisconsin glaciation;[5] if there was overflow it took place over 130,000 years ago.[45]
If Lake Estancia overflowed under maximum highstands,
Climate
Today, the mean temperature of the valley is about 10 degrees Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit). Precipitation is less than 300 millimetres per year (12 inches per year) and much less than the annual evaporation rate of 1,520 millimetres per year (60 inches per year). Thus, permanent lakes cannot exist in the Estancia Valley under present-day conditions.
Precipitation and vegetation were different in New Mexico during the ice ages, when Lake Estancia existed.
Lake Estancia is only one among several lakes in New Mexico that formed or expanded
Biota
The fossil animal fauna at Lake Estancia is represented by Rancholabrean[h] species. Fossils include ducks, the large horse Equus occidentalis[118] and tiger salamander.[16] There were mammoths at the lake, either after it dried up[119] or during the "Lake Willard" stage.[85] Based on pollen data, sagebrush grassland occurred around Lake Estancia, with pine-spruce woodland in the Manzano Mountains.[120] Increased water availability probably allowed grazing animals to thrive around the lake.[121]
Various fossils have been found in lake deposits, including
Fossils of
Anthropology and scientific importance
Humans first arrived in the Estancia Basin during a period where Lake Estancia was dry,
Research history and scientific significance
Evidence of the existence of former lakes in the Estancia Valley was first reported in 1903.
Older research published in 1989 indicates that during the early and middle Wisconsin glaciation, there was no freshwater lake in the Estancia Valley. Rather, saline and swampy environments were recorded from drill cores. Lake Estancia would have formed during the late Wisconsin as a saline lake and would have gone through three separate freshwater stages[79] which would be part of the late Lake Estancia superstage. This third freshwater stage would have been the longest-lasting, followed by another freshwater stage, the "Lake Willard" stage, after a period of more saline conditions.[16] The "Lake Willard" stage has yielded a date of 12,460 years; prior to this dating effort "Lake Willard" was considered to be about 8,000 years old and thus of Holocene age.[16]
Notes
- ^ a b The period of time between 5.333 and 2.58 million years ago.[1]
- ^ a b The period of time between 2.58 and 0.0117 million years ago.[1]
- ^ The time period between 11,700 years ago and today.[1]
- ^ Pluvial lakes are former lakes that developed during the ice ages and are now dry.[2]
- ^ A closed basin is a drainage system that ends in a lake or depression, with evaporation being the only means through which water leaves the system.[3]
- ^ Lunette dunes are bow-shaped dunes that form downwind of dry lakes, when winds blow material from the dry lake bed and deposit it in these dunes.[97]
- ^ Generally, the area of such lakes is the function of the inflow/recharge of the lake basin minus any leakage divided through the evaporation rate.[63]
- ^ The Rancholabrean is a stratigraphical unit based on a characteristic land mammal fauna which lived at the time of the human settlement of North America.[117]
- ^ Projectile points or points are the objects such as rocks that form the tip of an arrow. They are useful when reconstructing the cultural history.[128]
- Paleoindians between 11,000–10,200 years ago.[129]
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External links
- Bachhuber, F. W. (1971). Paleolimnology of Lake Estancia and the Quaternary history of the Estancia Valley, central New Mexico (PhD). Vol. 238. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico.
- Goebel, Kurt A (1988). Late Holocene earthflows of the Willard Playa/dune complex, Estancia Valley, New Mexico; a geomorphic response to climatic change (Thesis). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 52.
- Hurt, Wesley R. (1942). "Folsom and Yuma Points from the Estancia Valley, New Mexico". American Antiquity. 7 (4): 400–402. S2CID 164036071.