Lan Na

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This article is about the Thai kingdom. For other uses, see Lanna (disambiguation).
Lan Na Kingdom
ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠ᩼ᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ
อาณาจักรล้านนา
1292–15 January 1775[1]
The seal of the Lan Na Kingdom
Coat of arms
Extent of Lan Na's zone of influence (dark blue), c. 1400.
Extent of Lan Na's zone of influence (dark blue), c. 1400.
Capital
  • Chiang Rai
    (1262–1275)
  • Fang
    (1275–1281)
  • Wiang Kum Kam (1281–1296)
  • Chiang Mai
    (1296–1775)
Official languages
  • Mekuti
• 1579–1607/08
Nawrahta Minsaw
Historical era
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War
1456–1474
• Burmese rule
2 April 1558[2]
• Dissolution
15 January 1775[1]
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Ngoenyang
Hariphunchai
Kingdom of Payao
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Principality of Lampang
Principality of Chiang Mai
Principality of Nan
Principality of Lamphum
Principality of Phrae
Today part of
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This article contains Lanna text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Tai Tham script.

The Lan Na Kingdom or The Kingdom of Lanna (Northern Thai: ᩋᩣᨱᩣᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠ᩼ᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ, pronounced [ʔāː.nāː.t͡ɕǎk láːn nāː], "Kingdom of a Million Rice Fields"; Thai: อาณาจักรล้านนา, RTGS: Anachak Lan Na, pronounced [ʔāː.nāː.t͡ɕàk láːn nāː]), also known as Lannathai, and most commonly called Lanna or Lanna Kingdom, was an Indianized state centered in present-day Northern Thailand from the 13th to 18th centuries.

The cultural development of the

Burmese–Siamese War (1775–76)
.

Following the retreat of the Burmese force, Burmese control over Lan Na came to the end. Siam, under King

Chakri Dynasty
.

Throughout the latter half of the 1800s, the Siamese state dismantled Lan Na independence, absorbing it into the emerging Siamese nation-state.[3] Beginning in 1874, the Siamese state reorganized Lan Na Kingdom as Monthon Phayap, brought under the direct control of Siam.[4] The Lan Na Kingdom effectively became centrally administered from through the Siamese thesaphiban governance system instituted in 1899.[5][6] By 1909, Lan Na Kingdom no longer existed formally as an independent state, as Siam finalized the demarcation of its borders with the British and French.[7]

Names

The Lan Na kingdom is known by a number of exonyms in neighboring languages. In

Laotian language, it is known as Anachak Lan Na (Lao
: ອານາຈັກລ້ານນາ).

The Pali chronicles refer to the kingdom as Yonaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Yun) or Bingaraṭṭha (Kingdom of the Mae Ping). In the Chinese History of the Yuan, it is called Babai Xifu (Pa-pai-si-fu) (Chinese: 八百媳妇; pinyin: Bābǎi Xífù), first attested in 1292.[8]

History

Early establishment

Further information: Shan States

Nan), Kengtung, Mong Nai, and Chiang Hung (modern Jinghong in Yunnan). He also reduced to vassaldom and received tribute from areas of modern Northern Vietnam, principally in the Black and Red river valleys, and most of Northern Laos, plus the Sipsongpanna of Yunnan where his mother originated.[citation needed
]

Disunity and prosperity

Wat Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai

Around 1311, Mangrai died and was succeeded by his second son Grama, or Jayasangrama (Khun Hham). He soon retired to Chiangrai and appointed his son Saen Phu as the

Haripunjaya. Saen Phu and his brother Nam Thuem fled to their father in Chiangrai. Nam Tuam succeeded in driving out their uncle, restoring Saen Phu onto the throne in 1322 or 1324. Saen Phu founded the city of Chiang Saen in 1325 or 1328, before he died in 1334. His son Kham Fu replaced him but reigned only few years, before he was succeeded by his son Pha Yu, who restored the capital to Chiang Mai again. There he fortified the city and built Wat Phra Singh.[8]
: 226–227 

Theravada Buddhism prospered in Lan Na during the reign of religious Kue Na who established the dhatu of Doi Suthep in 1386. Kue Na promoted the Lankawongse sect and invited monks from Sukhothai to replace the existing Mon Theravada that Lan Na inherited from Haripunchai.[citation needed]

Lan Na enjoyed peace under Saenmuengma (which means ten thousand cities arrive — to pay tribute). The only disturbing event was the failed rebellion by his uncle Prince Maha Prommatat. Maha Prommatat requested aid from Ayutthaya.

Ming Dynasty in the reign of Sam Fang Kaen.[citation needed
]

Expansions under Tilokkarat

Map of Lan Na during the reign of King Tilokkarat (r. 1441–1487)
Main article:
Ayutthaya-Lan Na War

The Lan Na kingdom was strongest under

Borommaracha II
sent his troops to Lan Na in 1442 but was repelled and the rebellion was suppressed. Tilokkarat conquered the neighboring Kingdom of Payao in 1456.

To the south, the emerging Kingdom of Ayutthaya was also growing powerful. Relations between the two kingdoms had worsened since the Ayutthayan support of Thau Choi's rebellion. In 1451,

Ayutthaya-Lan Na War over the Upper Chao Phraya valley (i.e. the Kingdom of Sukhothai). In 1460, the governor of Chaliang surrendered to Tilokkarat. Trailokanat then used a new strategy and concentrated on the wars with Lan Na by moving the capital to Pitsanulok. Lan Na suffered setbacks and Tilokkarat eventually sued for peace in 1475.[citation needed
]

Tilokkarat was also a strong patron of Theravada Buddhism. In 1477, the

Tripitaka was held near Chiang Mai. Tilokkarat also built and rehabilitated many notable temples. Tilokkarat then expanded west to the Shan States of Laihka, Hsipaw, Mong Nai, and Yawnghwe.[citation needed
]

Decline

After Tilokkarat, Lan Na was then subjected to old-style princely struggles that prevented the kingdom from defending itself against powerful growing neighbors. The Shans then broke themselves free of Lan Na control that Tilokkarat had established. The last strong ruler was Paya Kaew who was the great-grandson of Tilokkarat. In 1507, Kaew invaded Ayutthaya but was repelled — only to be invaded in turn in 1513 by Ramathibodi II and Lampang was sacked. In 1523, a dynastic struggle occurred in Kengtung State. One faction sought Lan Na support while another faction went for Hsipaw. Kaew then sent Lan Na armies to re-exert control there but was readily defeated by Hsipaw armies. The loss was so tremendous that Lan Na never regained such dominance.[citation needed]

In 1538, King Ketklao, son of Kaew, was overthrown by his own son Thau Sai Kam. However, Ketklao was restored in 1543 but suffered mental illness and was executed in 1545. Ketklao's daughter,

Chairacha of Ayutthaya invaded Lan Na in 1545, but Chiraprapha negotiated for peace. Chairacha returned next year, sacking Lampang and Lamphun, and threatened Chiangmai itself. So, Chiraprapha was forced to put her kingdom under Ayutthaya as a tributary state.[citation needed
]

Facing pressures from the invaders, Chiraprapha decided to abdicate in 1546 and the nobility gave the throne to her nephew (son of her sister), Prince Chaiyasettha of

saopha of Mong Nai whose family was related to Mangrai, to be the new king of Lan Na. It was said that, as a Shan king, Mekuti violated several Lan Na norms and beliefs.[9]

Burmese rule

The kingdom then came to conflict over Shan states with the expansionist Burmese king

Pegu. Bayinnaung then made Wisutthithewi, a Lan Na royal, the queen regnant of Lan Na. After her death, Bayinnaung appointed one of his sons Nawrahta Minsaw (Noratra Minsosi), viceroy of Lan Na in January 1579.[10][11] Burma allowed a substantial degree of autonomy for Lan Na but strictly controlled the corvée
and taxation.

After Bayinnaung, his massive empire quickly unraveled. Siam

successfully revolted (1584–93), after which all the vassals of Pegu went their own way by 1596–1597. Lan Na's Nawrahta Minsaw declared independence in 1596. In 1602, Nawrahta Minsaw became a tributary of King Naresuan of Siam.[clarification needed] However, Siam's control was short-lived. The actual suzerainty effectively ended with Naresuan's death in 1605. By 1614, Siam's control over Lan Na was at most nominal. When the Burmese returned, the ruler of Lan Na, Thado Kyaw (Phra Choi), sought and received help from Lan Xang, not his nominal overlord Siam, which did not send any help.[12] After 1614, vassal kings of Burmese descent ruled Lan Na for over one hundred years. Siam did try to take over Lan Na in 1662–1664
but failed.

By the 1720s, the Toungoo Dynasty was on its last legs. In 1727, Chiang Mai revolted because of high taxation. The resistance forces drove back the Burmese army in 1727–1728 and 1731–1732, after which Chiang Mai and Ping valley became independent.

Burmese dynasty
. It revolted again in 1761 with Siamese encouragement but the rebellion was suppressed by January 1763. In the 1765, the Burmese used Lan Na as a launching pad to invade the Laotian states, and Siam itself.

End of Burmese rule

Further information:
Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1775)

In the early 1770s, Burma was at the peak of its military power since Bayinnaung, having defeated

captured the city on 15 January 1775, ending the 200-year Burmese rule.[1]
Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam.

Burma tried to regain Lan Na in

Sipsongpanna
(1803–1808) but failed.

Nonetheless, the

Chiang Mai, Nan, Lampang, Lamphun, and Phrae
. Lan Na ceased to be an entity on its own after it was incorporated into modern Kingdom of Siam.

Chiang Mai, under Burma's rule, lasted more than 200 years, but there were some periods that switched to Ayutthaya rule. The reign of King Narai the Great, and there were some independent periods, but was dominated and ruled by the Lao King called Ong Kham from the Kingdom of Luang Prabang for more than 30 years.

Lan Na language

Further information:
Tai Tham alphabet

Kham Mueang or Phasa Mueang (Thai: ภาษาเมือง) is the modern spoken form of the old Lan Na language. Kham Mueang means "language of the principalities" (Kham, language or word; mueang, town, principality, kingdom) as opposed to the languages of many hill tribe peoples in the surrounding mountainous areas. The language may be written in the old Lan Na script, which somewhat resembles that of the Thai, but differs significantly in spelling rules. Due to the influence of the latter, it also differs significantly from the modern pronunciation of Kham Mueang.[15][16]

Historical writings on Lan Na

  • The Chiang Mai chronicles — Probably started in the late 15th century and enlarged with every copying of the palm leaves manuscript. Current version is from 1828, English translation available as
    ISBN 974-7100-62-2
    .
  • Jinakālamāli — composed by Ratanapañña (16th century) an account of the early rise of Buddhism in Thailand and details on many historical events.
  • Zinme Yazawin — Burmese chronicle of Zinme (Chiang Mai).[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Ratchasomphan & Wyatt 1994, p. 85.
  2. ^ a b Wyatt 2003, p. 80.
  3. ISBN 978-981-4762-83-0
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-429-72788-7
    .
  5. ISBN 9781118455074
  6. OCLC 761367976
    .
  7. OCLC 986596797
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  9. ^ Forbes & Henley 2012a, King Mae Ku (Mekuti): From Lan Na Monarch to Burmese Nat.
  10. ^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, p. 48
  11. ^ Forbes & Henley 2012a, Queen Hsinbyushinme.
  12. ^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, pp. 175–181
  13. ^ Hmannan, Vol. 3, p. 363
  14. ^ Htin Aung, pp. 183–185
  15. ^ Burutphakdee 2004, p. 7.
  16. ^ Forbes, Andrew (2004). "The Peoples of Chiang Mai". In Penth, Hans; Forbes, Andrew (eds.). A Brief History of Lan Na. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai City Arts and Cultural Centre. pp. 221–256.
  17. ^ Forbes & Henley 2012c, The Zinme Yazawin.

References

External links

Media related to Lanna Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons

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