Mueang
Mueang (
.Mueang was originally a term in the
TheFollowing Kublai Khan's defeat of the Dali Kingdom of the Bai people in 1253 and its establishment as a tutelary state, new mueang were founded widely throughout the Shan States and adjoining regions – though the common description of this as a "mass migration" is disputed.[4] Following historical Chinese practice, tribal leaders principally in Yunnan were recognized by the Yuan as imperial officials, in an arrangement generally known as the Tusi ("Native Chieftain") system. Ming and Qing-era dynasties gradually replaced native chieftains with non-native Chinese government officials.
In the 19th century, Thailand's
Place names
Place names in Southwestern Tai languages
Cambodia
In Khmer, "moeang" (មឿង) is a word borrowed from the Thai language meaning "small city" or "small town."[5] Usually used as a place name for villages.
China
The placename "mueang" is written in
Script in English | Name in Tai Nuea | Name in Tai Lue | Script in Chinese | Common used name |
---|---|---|---|---|
Muang Mao[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ[7] | 勐卯 | Ruili | |
Muang Khon[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥴ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦃᦸᧃ[8] | 勐焕 | Mangshi |
Muang Wan[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥝᥢᥰ[7] | 勐宛 | Longchuan | |
Muang Ti[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥰ[7] | 勐底 | Lianghe | |
Muang La[6] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥲ[7] | 勐腊 | Yingjiang | |
Meng La | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱ | 勐拉 | Simao
| |
Meng La | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦟᦱᧉ | 勐腊 | Mengla | |
Meng Hai | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥣᥭᥰ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᦻ[8] | 勐海 | Menghai |
Meng Lem | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥥᥛᥰ[7] | 孟连 | Menglian | |
Meng Keng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥪᥒ[7] | 勐耿 | Gengma | |
Meng Long | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[9]: 221 | Longling | ||
Meng Meng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ[7] | 勐勐 | Shuangjiang | |
Meng Lam | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ[7] | 勐朗 | Lancang | |
Meng Thong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥨᥒᥴ[7] | 勐统 | Changning | |
Meng Tsung | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥧᥒᥰ[7] | Yuanjiang | ||
Meng Then | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥗᥦᥢᥴ[7] | Fengqing | ||
Meng Men | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥦᥢᥰ[7] | 勐缅 | Tengchong or Lincang | |
Mongsee[10] | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦉ[8] | Kunming | |
Meng Ha | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥰ[7] | Kejie Town | ||
Meng Ha | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥣᥴ[7] | Wandian Dai Ethnic Township | ||
Meng Khe | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥑᥫᥰ[7] | Lujiang Town | ||
Meng Yueng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥒᥤᥛᥰ[7] | 勐允 | Shangyun Town | |
Meng Tse | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥓᥥ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦵᦵᦋᧈ | 勐遮 | Mengzhe Town |
Meng Hsa | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥣᥴ[7] | 勐撒 | Mengsa Town | |
Meng Yang | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥣᥒᥰ[7] | 勐养 | Mengyang Town | |
Meng Tung | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥧᥛᥰ[7] | 勐董 | Mengdong | |
Meng Ten | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥦᥢᥰ[7] | 勐典 | Mengdian (a place in Yingjiang County) | |
Meng Ting | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥖᥤᥒ[7] | 孟定 | Mengding Town | |
Meng Lim | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥤᥛᥴ[7] | Huangcao-Ba (黄草坝, a place in Longling County) | ||
Meng Long | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥨᥒ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦷᦟᧂ[8] | 勐龙 | Menglong Town |
Meng Loong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥴ[7] | 勐弄 | Mengnong Township | |
Meng Mo | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥨᥝᥱ[7] | 勐磨 | Jiucheng Township | |
Meng Ham | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥛᥰ[7] | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦣᧄ[8] | 勐罕 | Menghan Town |
Meng Heu | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥝᥰ[11] | 勐秀 | Mengxiu Township | |
Meng Ka | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ | 勐戛 | Mengga | |
Meng Yue | 勐约 | Mengyue Township | ||
Meng Peng | ᦵᦙᦲᧂ ᦘᦳᧂ | 勐捧 | Mengpeng Town | |
Meng Dui | 勐堆 | Mengdui Township | ||
Meng Ku | 勐库 | Mengku Town | ||
Meng Yoong | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥩᥒᥰ[12] | 勐永 | MengYong Town | |
Meng Keng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥒᥰ[12] | 勐简 | Mengjian Township | |
Meng Seng | ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥔᥫᥒᥴ[12] | 勐省 | Mengsheng | |
Meng Jiao | 勐角 | Mengjiao Dai, Yi and Lahu People Township | ||
Meng Nuo | 勐糯 | Mengnuo Town | ||
Meng Xian | 勐先 | Mengxian Town | ||
Meng Nong | 孟弄 | Mengnong Yi Ethnic Township | ||
Meng Ban | 勐班 | Mengban Township | ||
Meng Da | 勐大 | Mengda Town | ||
Meng Lie | 勐烈 | Menglie Town | ||
Meng Ma | 勐马 | Mengma Town | ||
Meng Suo | 勐梭 | Mengsuo Town | ||
Meng Ka | 勐卡 | Mengka Town | ||
Meng La | 勐拉 | Mengla Town | ||
Meng Qiao | 勐桥 | Mengqiao Township | ||
Meng Wang | 勐旺 | Mengwang Township, Jinghong | ||
Meng Hun | 勐混 | Menghun Town | ||
Meng Man | 勐满 | Mengman Town | ||
Meng A | 勐阿 | Meng'a Town | ||
Meng Song | 勐宋 | Mengsong Township | ||
Meng Wang | 勐往 | Mengwang Township, Menghai | ||
Meng Lun | 勐仑 | Menglun Town | ||
Meng Ban | 勐伴 | Mengban Town |
Laos
Laos is colloquially known as
- Muang Sing
- Muang Xay
- Former Muang
- Xiangkhouang Province)
- Muang Sua
Myanmar
- Mong Mao
- Mong Hsat
- Mong Hpayak
- Mong Ton
- Mong Nai
- Mong Ping
- Mohnyin (former Mongyang State)
- Mogaung (former Mongkawng)
- Momauk
- Mogok
- Momeik
Northeast India
- Mong Mao called as Ahom by local people, transformed itself into a huge kingdom by the 17th century that withstood the might of the Mughal Empire.
Thailand
Thailand is colloquially known as Mueang Thai. After the
Mueang toponyms
Mueang still forms part of the
Nakhon mueang
Nakhon (นคร) as meaning "city" has been modified to ". It still forms part of the name of some places.
- Krung Thep Maha Nakhon
- Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
- Nakhon Lampang
- Nakhon Nayok
- Nakhon Ratchasima
- Nakhon Si Thammarat
- Nakhon Thai
- Renu Nakhon
Buri mueang
Vietnam
- Muong Cha
- Muong La
- Mường Lay
- Muong Lat
- Muong Khuong
- Muong Nhe
- Muong Te
- Muong Thanh
Etymology
- et al. employ /ü/ which may erroneously scan as /ii/.
Müang Fai irrigation system
Müang Fai is a term
- in modern Thai: เหมืองฝาย[20]
- in modern Lao: ເຫມື່ອງຝາຍ.[21] (NB: SEAlang Library's Lao entry omits tonal marking – a typographical error.)
Different linguistic tones give different meanings; scholarship has not established a link between this term and any of the terms which differ in tone.
Origin of mueang
Mueang conveys many meanings, all having to do with administrative, social, political and religious orientation on wet-rice cultivation. The origin of the word mueang yet remains obscure. In October 2007, The National Library of Laos, in collaboration with the Berlin State Library and the University of Passau, started a project to produce the Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. Papers presented at the Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, held in Vientiane in 2005, have also been made available. Many of the mss. illuminate the administrative, social, political, and religious demands put on communities in the same watershed area that insured a high degree of cooperation to create and maintain irrigation systems (müang-faai) – which probably was the primary reason for founding mueang.[22]
Kham Mueang
Kham Mueang (
See also
- Acequia, Spanish term for irrigation system organized like the Müang Fai irrigation system
- Chiang (place name)
- Internal colonialism
- Tusi
- Wiang
References
- ^ Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). "Ahom and the Study of Early Thai Society" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 71.0 (digital). Siamese Heritage Trust: image 4. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
khun : ruler of a fortified town and its surrounding villages, together called a mu'ang. In older sources the prefix ph'o ("father") is sometimes used as well.
- ^ Vickery, Michael (1995). "Piltdown3: Further Discussion of The Ram Khamhaeng Inscription" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 83.0j (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image 11. Retrieved August 3, 2013.
Examples of the first are söaṅ, the name of Ram Khamhaeng's mother, and möaṅ. Khun Phasit said that these terms should in fact be read as /söŋ/ and /möŋ/....
- ^ Wyatt, D.K. (1991). "Chapter 11: Contextual arguments for the authenticity of the Ram Khamhaeng inscription" (PDF). In Chamberlain, J.R. (ed.). The Ram Khamhaeng Controversy. Bangkok: The Siam Society. Quoted text is found in image 7. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
...Lord Sam Chon, the ruler of Müang Chot, came to attack Müang Tak....
- ^ Du Yuting; Chen Lufan (1989). "Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?" (free PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
- ^ Headley, Robert K. "SEAlang Library Khmer", SEAlang Library, 05/14/2018
- ^ ISBN 978-1-74076-081-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-7-5367-3790-7.
- ^ ISBN 7-105-05834-X.
- ^ Daniels, Christian (2018). "The Mongol-Yuan in Yunnan and ProtoTai/Tai Polities during the 13th-14th Centuries". Journal of the Siam Society. 106: 201–243.
- Calcutta: British Mission Press. p. 111.
- ^ People's Government of Ruili County (1987). 云南省瑞丽县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Ruili County, Yunnan]. p. 149.
- ^ a b c People's Government of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County (1985). 云南省耿马傣族佤族自治县地名志 [Toponymy Dictionary of Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Yunnan]. pp. 勐永:198, 勐简:201, 勐省:208.
- ^ Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. pp. 401–420. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
The use of the word müang is of special historic interest for the Lao; in particular for their traditional socio-political and administrative organisation, and the formation of their early (power) states.
- ^ Gohain, Birendra kr (1999). Origin of the Tai and Chao Lung Hsukapha: A Historical Perspective.
- ^ ประกาศกระทรวงมหาดไทย เรื่อง ทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้า ฯ ให้เปลี่ยนคำว่าเมืองเรียกว่าจังหวัด (PDF). Royal Gazette (in Thai). 33 (ก): 51. 28 May 1916. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008.
- ^ Glenn S. (5 Aug 2013). "บูรี" (Dictionary). Royal Institute Dictionary – 1982. Thai-language.com. Retrieved 2013-08-03.
บุรี; บูรี /บุ-รี; บู-รี/ Pali: ปุร [นาม] เมือง
- ^ Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1985) [London: Oxford University Press, 1962-1966.]. "A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages". Includes three supplements, published 1969-1985. Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago. p. 469. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013.
8278 púra noun. fortress, town, gynaeceum
- ^ "Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat), Thailand" (Text available under Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 (Unported)). More about Nakhon Ratchasima. AsiaExplorers. 5 Aug 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-09-09. Retrieved 5 Aug 2013.
Nakhon Ratchasima was originally two separate cities namely Khorakhapura (also called Nakhon Raj) and Sema.... The present city of Nakhon Ratchasima, whose name is a portmanteau of Nakhon Raj and Sema, was established by King Narai (1656-88) as the eastern frontier of his kingdom centered on Ayutthaya.
- ^ Luo, Wei; Hartmann, John; Li, Jinfang; Sysamouth, Vinya (December 2000). "GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China" (PDF). Geographic Information Sciences. 6 (2). DeKalb: environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have proposed....
- ^ เหมืองฝาย;
- ^ http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm ເຫມືອງຝາຽ
- ^ Raendchen, Jana (October 10, 2005). "The socio-political and administrative organisation of müang in the light of Lao historical manuscripts" (PDF). The Literary Heritage of Laos: Preservation, Dissemination and Research Perspectives, Vientiane: National Library of Laos. The Literary Heritage of Laos Conference, 2005. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Digital Library of Lao Manuscripts. p. 416. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-04. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
However, being wet-rice growing societies, Tai baan could not have sustained themselves in isolation, but were dependent to a high degree on water irrigation that demands cooperation of several baan communities being situated in one and the same watershed area. The organisation of cooperation of a number of baan in irrigation works, historically, probably was the primary reason for founding müang, that is a group of several baan managing one common irrigation system (müang-faai), and generally worshipping the same territorial guardian spirit (phii müang) and ancestral spirits.
- ^ Natnapang Burutphakdee (October 2004). Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang [Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script] (PDF) (M.A. Thesis). Presented at 4th National Symposium on Graduate Research, Chiang Mai, Thailand, August 10–11, 2004. Asst. Prof. Dr. Kirk R. Person, adviser. Chiang Mai: Payap University. P. 7, digital image 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 5, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
The reason why they called this language 'Kammuang' is because they used this language in the towns where they lived together, which were surrounded by mountainous areas where there were many hill tribe people.
External links
- The dictionary definition of mueang at Wiktionary