Languages of Albania

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This article is part of a series in
Culture of
Albania
History
People
Language
Tradition
Religion and folklore
Art
Cuisine
Festivals
  • Flag Day
  • Summer Day
Literature
Media
Sport
Symbols
 Albania  • icon Society portal
Languages of Albania
Sign in Dollna Goricë in Albanian and Macedonian, with graffiti in Albanian
OfficialAlbanian
MinorityGreek, Macedonian, Romani, Aromanian
ForeignEnglish, Italian, German and many other European languages
SignedAlbanian Sign Language
Keyboard layout

Gheg, spoken in the north. However, many Albanians can also speak foreign languages as Italian, Greek, French, German, and English
, amongst others, due to the high numbers of Albanian diaspora and Albanian communities throughout the Balkans.

Although many ethnic Albanians (from within Albania and the wider Balkans and diaspora) around the world speak more than two languages and have been recognised as polyglots, Albania is the fourth highest nation in Europe in terms of the percentage of monolingual inhabitants, with 59.9% speaking only one language.[1] Italian is widely spoken throughout Albania. Greek, the language of the Greek national minority is focused in southern Albania; however, many Albanian nationals speak the Greek language due to immigration. Nowadays, knowledge of English is growing very rapidly, especially among the youth. Various languages are spoken by ethnic minorities: Greek, Aromanian, Macedonian, etc.

Status of Albanian

Distribution of languages of Albania
Albanian
 
 98.7%
Greek
 
 0.54%
Macedonian
 
 0.16%

The Article 14 of the

Albanian Constitution states that "The official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian."[2]
According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610, 98.767% of the population declared Albanian as their mother tongue ("mother tongue is defined as the first or main language spoken at home during childhood").[3]

Dialects

Standard Albanian is based in the

Arvanitic
in Southern Greece.

Minority languages

Regions with a traditional presence of ethnic groups other than Albanian.
Location of communities in Albania classified by language and religion

Greek

Wall writing in Dhërmi. The text reads Welcome to Drymades in Greek.
See also: Greeks in Albania

modern southern Greek dialect, known as Northern Epirote Greek.[6] Alongside Albanian loanwords, it retains some archaic forms and words that are no longer used in Standard Modern Greek, as well as in the Greek dialects of southern Epirus. Despite the relatively small distances between the various towns and villages, there exists some dialectal variation,[7] most noticeably in accent.[8]
In addition, many Albanians have knowledge of Greek, mainly due to past immigration to Greece. Greek is co-official in numerous municipalities and regions in Southern Albania.

Aromanian

Left: Map showing the spread of Aromanians in Albania Right: A map showing the percentage of Albanian speakers as per Population and Housing census 2011.
See also:
Aromanian people § In Albania

There are up to 200,000 Aromanians in Albania, a figure which includes people who do not speak the Aromanian language.[9][10] They mostly live in the southern and central regions of the country. The Aromanians, under the name "Vlachs", are a recognized cultural minority in the Albanian law.[11]

Macedonian

See also:
Macedonians of Albania

According to the 1989 census, there were approximately 5,000

Pustec Municipality. However, only the Macedonians living in Pustec are allowed to declare their nationality and language. Ethnic Macedonian organization claim that 120,000 to 350,000 Macedonians live in Albania.[13] They are politically represented by the Alliance of Macedonians for European Integration, which in the 2011 elections received around 2,500 votes.[14]

Romani

See also: Vlax Romani language

About 10,000 Romani people live in Albania today. They have preserved the language, despite the lack of education in that language.[15]

Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian is mostly spoken and understood in northern Albania, near the border of former Yugoslavian countries of Serbia and Montenegro.[16] The television phenomenon of Italian also happened to Serbo-Croatian, but to a lesser extent.[17]

Foreign languages

The most-widely spoken foreign languages in Albania are English, Italian and Greek.

A study carried out by Eurostat, the statistical agency of the European Union, analyzed the demography of the adult population 25-64 of several european countries as of 2016. The results of the Adult Education Survey, released in May 2018, showed that the 39.9% of the 25–64 years old is able to use at least one foreign language. The main foreign language known is English with 40.0%, followed by Italian with 27.8% and Greek with 22.9%. The English speakers were mostly young people, the knowledge of Italian is stable in every age group, while there is a decrease of the speakers of Greek in the youngest group.[18]

Italian

Italian is by far the best-known foreign language in Albania and used to have official status when the country was a protectorate of Italy.[16] Most Italian-speakers have not learnt the language in classrooms or from books, but rather by watching Italian television.[17] During the late communist regime, Albanians living in the towns along the Adriatic Sea coast had access to Italian television.[19] Many Albanians "grew skilled at rewiring their TVs to overcome [the] Albanian government's attempt to block Italian channels".[20] A large number of middle-aged and younger people grew up with the language and know it very well.[16]

Among the elderly, Italian is also common as the language was used in the educational system in the 1930s, after

King Zog released a decree requiring all Albanian schools to teach Italian in 1933.[21]

Albania also is home to 19,000 ethnic Italians, who have aided the growth of the language in the country.

English

English is mostly popular among the younger generations of Albanians.[22][unreliable source?][23][unreliable source?] As of 2006, more than 65% of Albanian children could speak fluent or semi-fluent English.[24]

The language came to Albania in 1921, when the Albanian Vocational School started to teach English with the sponsorship of the

Soviet-Albanian Split in the 1960s, English came to compete with Russian.[21] A 2006 book by Mimoza Rista-Dema, a Ph.D. in Linguistics at Indiana University
, describes the teaching of English during the communist era:

Although English was taught at schools, it was considered the language of Western imperialism and as a result, elements of its culture and civilization were offered to English learners selectively.[26]

Other

French

la Francophonie. Most French-speakers in Albania can be found in these two towns and surrounding areas, but also elsewhere in the country.[16]
According to La Francophonie, Albania is home to 300,000 French speakers.

Soviet–Albanian split in early 1961. Many who learnt in at the time, have forgotten most of it due to lack of usage.[16]

After the ideological controversies with the USSR,

Albania and China became closer. A number of Albanians studied in China and learnt Chinese there. After the collapse of communism in Albania in 1991, many young Albanians also traveled to China for education and learned the language.[16]

Other European languages are also present in Albania and spoken by Albanians. This is primarily due to the large Albanian diaspora that exists in Europe as well as strong emphasis on foreign languages in education.

References

  1. ^ "Foreign language skills statistics". Eurostat Statistics Explained. Retrieved 2022-01-13.
  2. ^ "Constitution of the Republic of Albania" (PDF). Republic of Albania Council of Ministers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  3. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ISBN 9781853593628
    .
  5. ISBN 9789810244743
    .
  6. ^ Appendix A. History & Diatopy of Greek. The story of pu: The grammaticalisation in space and time of a Modern Greek complementiser. December 1998. University of Melbourne.Nick Nicholas.
  7. ISBN 0-313-32384-4
    .
  8. ^ Contested Spaces and Negotiated Identities in Dhermi/Drimades of Himare/Himara area, Southern Albania. Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine Nataša Gregorič Bon. Nova Gorica 2008.
  9. ^ According to INTEREG - quoted by Eurominority Archived 2006-07-03 at the Wayback Machine: Aromanians in Albania Archived 2014-11-22 at the Portuguese Web Archive, Albania's Aromanians; Reemerging into History
  10. ISBN 978-952-91-6808-8
    , p. 218: "In Albania, Vlachs are estimated to number as many as 200,000"
  11. ^ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie. "The Albanian Aromanians´ Awakening: Identity Politics and Conflicts in Post-Communist Albania" (PDF). European Centre for Minority Issues. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  12. ^ "Local self-government and decentralization: case of Albania. History, reformes and challenges" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  13. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Albania : Macedonians". Unhcr.org. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  14. ^ "Results of the 2011 local elections of Albania" (PDF). Central Elections Commission of Albania. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  15. ISBN 9783643501448
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 9781841622460
    .
  17. ^
    ISBN 9783643501448
    .
  18. ^ "Press release of the Adult Education Survey" (PDF). Albanian Institute of Statistics. 10 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  19. ISBN 9781845454562
    .
  20. ISBN 9781741047295
    .
  21. ^ a b c d Rista-Dema 2006, p. 14.
  22. ISBN 9781741048544
    .
  23. ISBN 9781433069338. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  24. ^ Rista-Dema 2006, p. 16.
  25. ^ Rista-Dema 2006, p. 12.
  26. ^ Rista-Dema 2006, p. 15.
  • Rista-Dema, Mimoza (2006). Inverse-order constructions in Albanian English discourse and prototype effects. [Bloomington, Ind.]: Indiana University.
    ISBN 9780542847905
    .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Languages of Albania.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Albania&oldid=1176677441"