Languages of Switzerland
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Languages of Switzerland | |
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The four national languages of Switzerland are German, French, Italian, and Romansh.[3] German, French, and Italian maintain equal status as official languages at the national level within the Federal Administration of the Swiss Confederation, while Romansh is used in dealings with people who speak it.[4] Latin is occasionally used in some formal contexts, particularly to denote the country (Confoederatio Helvetica).[5]
In 2020, 62.3% of the population of Switzerland were native speakers of German (either Swiss or Standard German) at home; 22.8% French (mostly Swiss French, but including some Franco-Provençal dialects); 8% Italian (mostly Swiss Italian, but including Lombard); and 0.5% Romansh.[6] The German region (Deutschschweiz) is roughly in the east, north, and centre; the French part (la Romandie) in the west; and the Italian area (Svizzera italiana) in the south. There remains a small Romansh-speaking native population in Grisons in the east. The cantons of Freiburg, Bern, and Valais are officially bilingual; Grisons is officially trilingual.
History
The main languages of Swiss residents from 1950 to 2015, in percentages, were as follows:[7]
Year | German | French | Italian | Romansh | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 63.7 | 22.7 | 8.4 | 0.6 | 5.3 |
2000 | 63.7 | 20.4 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 9.0 |
1990 | 63.6 | 19.2 | 7.6 | 0.6 | 8.9 |
1980 | 65.0 | 18.4 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 6.0 |
1970 | 64.9 | 18.1 | 11.9 | 0.8 | 4.3 |
1960 | 69.4 | 18.9 | 9.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 |
1950 | 72.1 | 20.3 | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
In 2012, for the first time, respondents could indicate more than one language, causing the percentages to exceed 100%.[7]
Federal authorities
While the National Council offers simultaneous translation to and from German, French and Italian, the Council of States does not translate debates – its members are expected to understand at least German and French.
Employees of the federal government are expected to write documents in their native tongue. 77% of the original official documents were edited in German, 20% in French, and 1.98% in Italian. More than half of the Italian speakers employed by the federal government are translators.[8]
The Federal Supreme Court publishes its decisions only in one language, usually in the language used in the earlier instance. The so-called regest – a summary of the decision – will be offered in German, French and Italian, but only in important and influential cases (German "Leitentscheide").[9]
National languages and linguistic regions
German
The German-speaking part of Switzerland (German: Deutschschweiz, French: Suisse alémanique, Italian: Svizzera tedesca, Romansh: Svizra tudestga) constitutes about 65% of Switzerland (North Western Switzerland, Eastern Switzerland, Central Switzerland, most of the Swiss Plateau and the greater part of the Swiss Alps).
In seventeen of the Swiss cantons, German is the only official language (
In the cantons of
While the French-speaking Swiss prefer to call themselves Romands and their part of the country is
Nevertheless, in 2017, 11.1%, or about 920,600 of the Swiss residents speak Standard German ("Hochdeutsch") at home, but this figure likely includes numerous German (and Austrian) immigrants.[14]
By the
In addition to this more widespread notion of Swiss German dialect, there is also
Because the largest part of Switzerland is German-speaking, many French, Italian, and Romansh speakers migrate to the rest of Switzerland, and the children of those non-German-speaking Swiss-born within the rest of Switzerland speak German.
French
Standard
Historically, the vernacular language used by inhabitants of most parts of Romandy was
The term Romandy does not formally exist in the political system, but is used to distinguish and unify the French-speaking population of Switzerland. The television channel Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR) served the Romande community across Switzerland and worldwide through TV5Monde until it was merged with the Radio Suisse Romande (RSR) and renamed RTS (Radio Télévision Suisse) in 2010.
Italian
Italian Switzerland (
The linguistic region covers an area of about 3,500 km2 and has a total population of around 350,000,[20] with the number of Italophones residing in Switzerland being 545,274 (about 7% of the Swiss population).[21]
The proportion of Italian-speaking inhabitants had been decreasing since the 1970s, after reaching a high of 12% of the population during the same decade. This was entirely because of the reduced number of immigrants from Italy to Switzerland. However it has increased again during the last decade.[when?][7]
Romansh
Romansh speakers remain predominant in the
English
While learning one of the other national languages at school is important, many Swiss nowadays find it easier to use English as a lingua franca with other Swiss people of different linguistic backgrounds.[22] In 2022, Switzerland ranked 23rd in Europe in the English Proficiency Index of EF language school.[23]
Swissinfo, a multilingual outlet of Swiss Radio and Television, reported in 2021 that interview subjects are often asked technical questions in English, given that interviewers are often not proficient enough to do so in the local language. The interviewees then answer in their own local language. The interviews are later translated and dubbed over at the studio. A 2003 study on the online communication behavior of Swiss medical students showed that they quickly changed to English as soon as students from other languages were involved. The main drivers behind using English were the Italian-speaking students from Ticino, as students from other parts of the country rarely understood their messages.[24]
Area | Percentage |
---|---|
Canton of Zug | 14.1 |
Walchwil, village in the Canton of Zug | 27.3 |
City of Zug | 20.0 |
Canton of Basel-City | 12.5 |
Canton of Geneva | 11.8 |
Canton of Zurich | 10.8 |
Residents aged 15 or above; according to 2022 census data[25] |
In advertising and sports, English slogans and labels are frequently used, as it reduces the need for regional branding. For example, Swiss railways sell tourism offers through the "RailAway" label since 1999, and many national sport federations have English names (e.g. Swiss Olympic), with their German or French names almost never being used.
Other languages
- Franco-Provençal and Lombard
Besides the national languages and the many varieties of
- Sinte
About 20,000 Romani speak Sinte, an Indic language.
- Sign languages
Five
Language | 2000[28] Mother tongue |
2015[citation needed] Main language |
2018[29] Main language |
2020[6][30] Main language | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
German | 4,639,762 | 63.7% | 4,424,150 | 64% | 4,458,156 | 62.9% | 4,477,946 | 62.3% |
French | 1,484,411 | 20.4% | 1,567,197 | 22.7% | 1,619,708 | 22.9% | 1,624,424 | 22.6% |
Italian | 470,961 | 6.5% | 581,381 | 8.4% | 593,646 | 8.4% | 575,017 | 8% |
Romansch
|
35,072 | 0.5% | 40,299 | 0.6% | 36,709 | 0.5% | 35,938 | 0.5% |
English | 73,422 | 1% | 374,642 | 5.4% | 471,056 | 5.9% | 416,887 | 5.8% |
Portuguese | 89,527 | 1.2% | 256,560 | 3.7% | 251,570 | 3.5% | ||
Albanian | 94,937 | 1.3% | 188,125 | 2.7% | 230,007 | 3.2% | ||
Serbo-Croatian | 103,350 | 1.4% | 161,882 | 2.3% | 165,317 | 2.3% | ||
Spanish | 76,750 | 1.1% | 159,859 | 2.3% | 172,505 | 2.4% | ||
Turkish | 44,523 | 0.6% | 78,015 | 1.1% | ||||
Arabic
|
14,345 | 0.2% | 36,857 | 0.5% | ||||
Russian | 8,570 | 0.1% | 32,244 | 0.5% | ||||
Tamil | 21,816 | 0.3% | 31,145 | 0.5% | ||||
Polish | 5,206 | 0.1% | 24,881 | 0.4% | ||||
Dutch | 11,840 | 0.2% | 22,357 | 0.3% | ||||
Hungarian | 6,194 | 0.1% | 20,597 | 0.3% | ||||
Kurdish | 7,531 | 0.1% | 19,401 | 0.3% | ||||
Thai | 7,569 | 0.1% | 14,528 | 0.2% | ||||
Greek | 4,792 | 0.1% | 13,763 | 0.2% | ||||
Czech | 5,444 | 0.1% | 13,433 | 0.2% | ||||
Romanian | 3,397 | 0% | 12,738 | 0.2% | ||||
Chinese | 8,279 | 0.1% | 12,324 | 0.2% | ||||
Slovak | 2,018 | 0% | 12,072 | 0.2% | ||||
Persian | 3,467 | 0% | 11,108 | 0.2% | ||||
Macedonian | 6,415 | 0.1% | 10,698 | 0.2% | ||||
Swedish | 5,560 | 0.1% | 8,771 | 0.1% | ||||
Vietnamese | 4,226 | 0.1% | 6,720 | 0.1% | ||||
Tagalog | 3,019 | 0% | 6,275 | 0.1% | ||||
Japanese | 4,100 | 0.1% | 6,001 | 0.1% | ||||
Danish | 2,739 | 0% | 5,272 | 0.1% | ||||
Tibetan
|
1,108 | 0% | 5,219 | 0.1% | ||||
Bulgarian | 1,579 | 0% | 4,583 | 0.1% | ||||
Finnish | 2,628 | 0% | 4,299 | 0.1% | ||||
Urdu
|
1,407 | 0% | 3,846 | 0.1% | ||||
Slovene | 1,601 | 0% | 3,690 | 0.1% | ||||
Somali | 2,661 | 0% | 3,607 | 0.1% | ||||
Aramaic
|
1,333 | 0% | 2,465 | 0% | ||||
Hebrew | 1,176 | 0% | 2,159 | 0% | ||||
Norwegian | 1,361 | 0% | 2,108 | 0% | ||||
Korean | 1,202 | 0% | 1,816 | 0% | ||||
Other languages | 77,751 | 1.1% | 1,255,656 | 17.7% | 589,393 | 8.2% |
Neo-Latin
To avoid having to translate the
To have a unique name across the country (without favoring German, French or any other language), several Swiss foundations and associations have Latin names, such as
See also
- Swiss people
- Demographics of Switzerland
- Röstigraben, referring to the asserted difference in mentality between German Swiss and the French-speaking Romands
- Swiss literature
- List of multilingual countries and regions
Notes
- Welsch" is an old German word for "Foreign" and is the same word the Anglo-Saxons used for the original British inhabitants which today are the Welsh people.[citation needed]
- ^ Since 2010, statistics of languages in Switzerland provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office are based on a national structural survey of 200,000 people aged 15 years and older (corresponding to 2.5% of the total resident population). Data are extrapolated to obtain statistical results for the whole population (aged 15 years and older). These results are estimates subject to some degree of uncertainty indicated by a confidence interval. Therefore, the figures of the structural survey may not be entirely comparable to data collection before 2010 based on census figures (counting every person living in Switzerland).[27]
- ^ When there is no room to use the four official languages, unlike on the banknotes of the Swiss franc, on the logo of the Federal administration of Switzerland and on the Swiss passport.
References
- ^ [1] Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Sprachen 2015" (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "SR 101 The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (Status as of 12 February 2017): Art. 4 National languages". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 12 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "SR 441.1 Bundesgesetz über die Landessprachen und die Verständigung zwischen den Sprachgemeinschaften [Federal Act on the National Languages and Understanding between the Linguistic Communities] (Sprachengesetz, SpG) vom 5. Oktober 2007 (Stand am 1. Januar 2017): Art. 5 Amtssprachen". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection) (in German, French, Italian, and Romansh). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 1 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "Languages of instruction in Switzerland - Daily Research". www.dailyresearch.co.uk. Daily Research. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
- ^ a b "Languages". Office Federal Statistical. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ a b c "Die zehn häufigsten Hauptsprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung" (official website) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 February 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ^ "Bundesverwaltung ist eigentlich zweisprachig". Swissinfo. 1 March 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Werden die Urteile des Bundesgerichts übersetzt?" [Are the decisions of the Federal Court translated?] (in German). Supreme Federal Court of Switzerland. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "SR 101 The Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation of 18 April 1999 (Status as of 12 February 2017): Art. 1: The Swiss Confederation". The portal of the Swiss government (Federal Law collection). Berne, Switzerland: The Federal Council. 12 February 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ^ "TIL". Reddit. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- hdl:11250/2635691.
- hdl:11250/2659779.
- ^ Statistik, Bundesamt für (29 January 2019). "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach zuhause gesprochenen Sprachen - 2017 | Tabelle". Bundesamt für Statistik (in German). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
- ^ "Bilan de la population résidante permanente (total) selon les districts et les communes". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2 January 2015. Archived from the original (XLS) on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2015.
- ^ Dominique Didier. "Septante, octante ou huitante, nonante". Monsu.desiderio.free.fr. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ Avanzi, Mathieu (26 March 2017). "Comment dit-on 80 en Belgique et en Suisse ?". francaisdenosregions.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
- OCLC 828226325.
Local. VD, VS, FR ; les autres cantons emploient quatre-vingt(s), comme en français de référence.
[Local. VD, VS, FR; the other cantons use quatre-vingt(s) like in Standard French.] - ISBN 978-1-78985-757-3. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
- Grigioni, Swiss Federal Statistical Office
- ^ "Bevölkerung, Strukturerhebung der eidgenössischen Volkszählung 2011: Bevölkerung nach Sprache und Religion, Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach zuhause gesprochenen Sprachen, 2011" (Statistics) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original (XLS) on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
- ^ English as a common language in Switzerland: a positive or a problem? from Swissinfo.ch
- ^ "Swiss are not as good at English as they might think, study finds". SWI swissinfo.ch. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Stephens, Thomas (7 April 2021). "Englisch als Landessprache: Go oder No-Go?" [English as a national language: Go or no go?] (in German). Swissinfo. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "In Walchwil und Zug spricht man hauptsächlich Englisch – im Arbeitsleben ist die Sprache nicht mehr wegzudenken" [In Walchwil and Zug people mainly seak English - in the working life, English is indispensable]. Zuger Zeitung (in German). 26 January 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement" (PDF) (in French). Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ "Methodological basis for research and regional partners [Accuracy of results; Cumulated data-pooling]". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office.
- ^ "Tableau 7: Population résidante selon la langue principale avec au moins 600 locuteurs, en nombres absolus, en 2000". Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office.
according to the 2000 census (over 1,000 speakers)
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ "Population résidante permanente de 15 ans et plus, selon les langues principales, en 2018" (XLS) (in French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office - FSO. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ "Langues principales depuis 1910: Population résidante permanente âgée de 15 ans ou plus" (XLS) (in French). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office - FSO. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ Tschentscher, Axel (14 September 2019). "File:Bern Parliament Pediment Inscription 2019-09-14 00-09.jpg". commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
External links
- Swiss German
- A quick guide to the Swiss German language
- Characteristics of Swiss German dialects
- sieps.ch Information Services on Swiss Private Schools and Universities
- Pimsleur Swiss German Pimsleur Swiss German Course