Languages of Belgium
Languages of Belgium | |
---|---|
Official | French (1st: ~40%, 2nd: ~49%, total: ~89%) German (1st: ~1%, 2nd: ~22%, total: ~23%) |
Regional | Romance languages: Walloon, Picard, Champenois, Lorrain
Germanic Languages: Limburgish, Luxembourgish
Dialects of Dutch: Brabantian
Dialects of German: |
Signed | Flemish Sign Language (VGT), French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB), German Sign Language (DGS) |
Keyboard layout | |
Source | [2] |
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The Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French, and German.
A number of non-official, minority languages and dialects are spoken as well.
As a result of being in between Latin and Germanic Europe, and historically being split between different principalities, the nation has multiple official languages.
Official languages
Legal status
The
Before the federal structure and the language legislation were gradually introduced in the later 20th century, French was generally the only language used by public authorities. For example, the Dutch version of the Constitution has enjoyed equal status to the original French one only since 1967, and the German version since 1991.
Of the inhabitants of Belgium, roughly 59% belong to the Flemish Community, 40% to the French Community, and 1% to the German-speaking Community[citation needed]. These figures relating to official Belgian languages overlook substantial numbers of immigrants and their children, who may speak a foreign language as primary language, as well as of Belgian regional migrants, who likely largely balance one another for native French and Dutch speakers. A large French-speaking population lives around Brussels, in Flanders, though by geography is considered part of the Flemish Community. Though the standard form of Dutch used in Belgium is almost identical to that spoken in the Netherlands, and the different dialects across the border, it is often colloquially called "Flemish".
Dutch
Dutch is the most spoken primary language of Belgium and the official language of the
French
The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, used natively by approximately one third of the population, is French.
German
German is the least prevalent official language in Belgium, spoken natively by less than 1% of the population. The German-speaking Community of Belgium numbers 77,000, residing in an area of Belgium that was ceded by the former German Empire as part of the Treaty of Versailles, which concluded World War I. In 1940, Nazi Germany re-annexed the region following its invasion of Belgium during World War II; after the war it was returned to Belgium.
In the Arelerland in the southern part of Belgium Luxembourgish is traditionally spoken.
Use
In national politics, politicians can freely choose to speak in any of the three official languages. In turn, the
Education is provided by the Communities, Dutch in the Flemish Community (Flanders and Brussels), French in the French Community (Wallonia and Brussels), German in the German-speaking community. Instruction in other languages is prohibited in government-funded schools except for foreign language subjects. However, the English language has become increasingly used in higher education.
Also all official correspondence and communication with the government (e.g. tax papers, local politics, ID/passport requests, building permits etc.) must be in the official language of the region or community. Inhabitants of a few municipalities are granted an exception to these rules.
Multilingualism
In 2006, the
This issue regarding economies is devoted to the demand for knowledge of languages in Belgium and in its three regions (Brussels, Flanders, Wallonia). The surveys show that Flanders is clearly more multilingual, which is without doubt a well-known fact, but the difference is considerable: whereas 59% and 53% of the Flemings know French or English respectively, only 19% and 17% of the Walloons know Dutch or English. The measures advocated by the Marshall Plan are heading towards the proper direction, but are doubtlessly quite insufficient to fully overcome the lag. [This particular 2006–2009 'Marshall Plan' was devised in 2004 and published in 2005 to uplift the Walloon economy.][6]
Within the report, professors in economics Ginsburgh and Weber further show that of Brussels' residents, 95% declared they can speak French, 59% Dutch, and 41% know the non-local English. Of those under the age of forty, 59% in Flanders declared that they could speak all three, along with 10% in Wallonia and 28% in Brussels. In each region, Belgium's third official language, German, is notably less known than those.[4][7][8]
Non-official languages
In addition to the three official languages, others are spoken in Belgium, for instance in Wallonia, where French became dominant only relatively recently. Sometimes seen as dialects, the varieties related to French have been recognized by the French Community as separate languages (langues régionales endogènes, lit. ‘regional native languages’) since 1990.[9][10] But there have been no significant measures to support usage of those varieties.
Romance
Walloon
Walloon is the historical language of southern Belgium, and most of the areas where French is now spoken were Walloon-speaking. It is also the traditional national language of the Walloons. Though it has been recognized since 1990, like other vernaculars in Belgium, it is spoken mainly by older people. Some younger Walloons may claim some knowledge. It is used mainly in rural regions, where change comes more slowly. It is also used in theatre productions and other forms of literature, though not in schools.
Picard
Another language related to French, and also a historic language of the region, Picard was recognized in 1990 by the government of the French Community. Picard has been historically based in France, with speakers also in the western part of Wallonia.
Champenois
Champenois was also legally recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken in Champagne, France, and a small part of Wallonia.
Lorrain
Like the other indigenous languages closely related to French, Lorrain was recognized in 1990. It is mainly spoken in Gaume, a part of Belgian Lorraine.
Germanic
Flemish
Flanders too has a number of dialects, but linguists regard these as varieties of
Limburgish
Limburgish is a language spoken mainly in north-eastern Belgium and the south-eastern Netherlands, in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. It is closely related to Dutch but has more German influences.
Luxembourgish
Since 1990 this language has been recognised by the Walloon authorities as Francique (
Marols
Yiddish
Yiddish is spoken by many among the 18,000 Jews living in Antwerp, where there is a considerable number of orthodox Jews who "maintain a largely traditional Jewish way of life...[in which] Yiddish is widely spoken even outside the homes and also by Jews who were born in Belgium."[12]
Sign languages
LSFB
LSFB, or
VGT
Like LSFB,
DGS
Unlike VGT and LSFB, DGS, or German Sign Language, is unrelated to LSF and comprises its own language family. DGS is related to PJM and Shassi. It is used primarily around the German-speaking communities of Belgium,[citation needed] although German and DGS are unrelated.
Indo-Aryan
Main foreign languages
Since the late 20th century, Belgium has received immigrants from different areas of Europe, the Mediterranean, and North Africa. They and their descendants speak languages including
See also
References
- ^ "SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016.
- ^ Europeans and their Languages Europa.eu
- ^ Footnote: Of the inhabitants of Belgium, roughly 59% belong to the Flemish Community, 40% to the French Community and 1% to the German-speaking Community, though these figures relating to official Belgian languages include unknown numbers of immigrants and their children speaking a foreign language as primary language, and of Belgian regional migrants which may be assumed to largely balance one another for natively French and Dutch speakers.
- ^ a b Van Parijs, Philippe. "Belgium's new linguistic challenges" (PDF). KVS Express: 34–36. Archived from the original (pdf 0.7 MB) on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007 – via Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. — The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail
- ^
"Van autochtoon naar allochtoon". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 May 2007.
Meer dan de helft van de Brusselse bevolking is van vreemde afkomst. In 1961 was dat slechts 7 procent (More than half of the Brussels' population is of foreign origin. In 1961 this was only 7 percent)
- ^
Bayenet, Benoît; Vandendorpe, Luc (2004). "Le plan Marshall: cinq actions prioritaires pour l'avenir wallon (The Marshall plan: five prioritary actions for the Walloon future)". Steunpunt WAV (in French) (4/2005). Acco. ISSN 1379-7034.
- ^
Ginsburgh, Victor (June 2006). "La dynamique des langues en Belgique". Regards économiques (in French). 19 (Numéro 42). Université Catholique de Louvain: 282–9. PMID 10213829.
Ce numéro de Regards économiques est consacré à la question des connaissances linguistiques en Belgique et dans ses trois régions (Bruxelles, Flandre, Wallonie). Les enquêtes montrent que la Flandre est bien plus multilingue, ce qui est sans doute un fait bien connu, mais la différence est considérable : alors que 60 % et 53 % des Flamands connaissent le français ou l'anglais respectivement, seulement 20 % et 17 % des Wallons connaissent le néerlandais ou l'anglais. Les mesures préconisées par le Plan Marshall vont dans la bonne direction, mais sont sans doute très insuffisantes pour combler le retard. ... 95 pour cent des Bruxellois déclarent parler le français, alors que ce pourcentage tombe à 59 pour cent pour le néerlandais. Quant à l'anglais, il est connu par une proportion importante de la population à Bruxelles (41 pour cent). ... Le syndrome d'H (...) frappe la Wallonie, où à peine 19 et 17 pour cent de la population parlent respectivement le néerlandais et l'anglais.
(Summary: "Slechts 19 procent van de Walen spreekt Nederlands" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Taalunie. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 26 May 2007. – The article shows the interest in the Ginsburg-Weber report, by the French-language Belgian newspaper Le Soir and the Algemeen Dagblad in the Netherlands) - ^ Schoors, Koen. "Réformer sans tabous - Question 1: les langues — La connaissance des langues en Belgique: Reactie" (PDF) (in Dutch). Itinera Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
Hoewel in beide landsdelen de jongeren inderdaad meer talen kennen dan de ouderen, is de talenkloof tussen Vlaanderen en Wallonië toch gegroeid. Dit komt omdat de talenkennis in Vlaanderen sneller is toegenomen dan die in Wallonië. ... Het probleem aan Franstalige kant is dus groot en er is, verassend genoeg, niet echt een verbetering of oplossing in zicht. ... het is met de kennis van het Engels ongeveer even pover gesteld als met de kennis van het Nederlands. Tot daar dus de verschoning van de povere talenkennis aan Waalse zijde als een rationele individuele keuze in een markt met externe effecten. Het is merkwaardig dat de auteurs dit huizenhoge probleem met hun verklaring expliciet toegeven, maar er bij het formuleren van beleidsadviezen dan toch maar van uit gaan dat hun model juist is. (Although in both parts of the country the young indeed know more languages than the elder, the languages chasm between Flanders and Wallonia has nevertheless grown. This is because the knowledge of languages in Flanders has increased faster than that in Wallonia. ... Thus the problem at the French-speaking side is large and there is, quite surprisingly, not really an improvement or solution in sight. ... the knowledge of English is in about as poor a state as the knowledge of Dutch. So far, about the excuse for the poor knowledge of languages on the Walloon side as a rational individual choice in a market with external effects. It is remarkable that the authors by their statement explicitly acknowledge this towering problem, but in formulating governance advices still assume their model to be correct)
– Reaction on the Ginsburgh-Weber report- ——. "La connaissance des langues en Belgique – Reactions" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2007.
- ^ Décret Valmy Féaux, 14 December 1990
- ^ Conseil des Langues régionales endogènes (in French)
- ISBN 978-92-871-6726-2– via Google Books.
- ANU - Museum of the Jewish People. Archived from the originalon 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
Footnotes
- This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.).
External links
- Ethnologue, Languages of the World: Belgium (non-free content)