Lignosulfonates

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Lignosulfonates (LS) are water-soluble anionic

Lignosulfonates are recovered from the spent pulping liquids (red or brown liquor) from sulfite pulping. Ultrafiltration can also be used to separate lignosulfonates from the spent pulping liquid.[1] A list of CAS numbers for the various metal salts of lignosulfonate is available.^[4]

The electrophilic carbocations produced during ether cleavage react with bisulfite ions (HSO₃⁻) to give sulfonates.

R-O-R' + H⁺ → R⁺ + R'OH

R⁺ + HSO₃⁻ → R-SO₃H

The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon (carbon atom attached to the aromatic ring) of the

Sulfonated Kraft lignin

Lignosulfonates are also used for the production of plasterboard to reduce the amount of water required to make the stucco flow and form the layer between two sheets of paper. The reduction in water content allows lower kiln temperatures to dry the plasterboard, saving energy.

The ability of lignosulfonates to reduce the viscosity of mineral slurries (

They also form a constituent of the paste used to coat the lead-antimony-calcium or lead-antimony-selenium grids in a Lead-acid battery.

Aqueous lignosulfonate solutions are also widely used as a non-toxic dust suppression agent for unpaved road surfaces, where it is popularly, if erroneously, called "tree sap". Roads treated with lignosulfonates can be distinguished from those treated with calcium chloride by color: lignosulfonates give the road surface a dark grey color, while calcium chloride lend the road surface a distinctive tan or brown color. As lignosulfonates do not rely on water to provide their binding properties, they tend to be more useful in arid locations.

It is used as a soil stabilizer.^[6]

Chemical feedstock

Oxidation of lignosulfonates from softwood trees produced vanillin (artificial vanilla flavor).