List of colossal squid specimens and sightings

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

suckers that are the source of the generic name Mesonychoteuthis (meso- = middle, onycho-
= nail, claw).

This list of colossal squid specimens and sightings is a timeline of recorded human encounters with members of the genus Mesonychoteuthis, popularly known as colossal squid. It includes animals that were caught by fishermen, recovered (in whole or in part) from sperm whales and other predatory species, as well as those reliably sighted at sea. The list also covers specimens misidentified as colossal squid.

Background

Map
Published coordinates of colossal squid specimens (may be subject to significant
rounding error)
Download coordinates as: KML

The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), which has a circum-Antarctic distribution in the Southern Ocean, is far less known than the distantly related, near-cosmopolitan giant squid (Architeuthis dux). Though a substantial number of colossal squid specimens have been recorded, the vast majority of these are only fragmentary remains such as disarticulated beaks. Xavier et al. (1999) collated 188 geographical positions for whole or partial specimens caught by commercial and scientific fisheries, but very few mature animals have ever been documented. O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) found 11 reports in which adult or subadult specimens had been described, and mentioned that at least 7 additional, "similarly sized" specimens were known to them; McClain et al. (2015) stated that only 12 "complete" specimens were known.

South Georgia Island on 25 June 2005 (#17
), possibly the first to be filmed alive. Note the uniformly dark skin pigmentation in contrast to the 2008 specimen.

Early specimens

The earliest known specimens of this species are two

Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, retrieved a complete specimen (#9) with a mantle length of 2.42 m (7.9 ft) and total length of 5.1 m (17 ft) from a depth of 750–770 m, which was later identified as an immature female of M. hamiltoni.[5]

Emergence from obscurity

It would be more than two decades before another giant individual was collected:

teuthologist Steve O'Shea to coin the common name "colossal squid".[8] A much smaller immature female (#15) was taken by trawl at 1,143 m (3,750 ft) depth off Macquarie Island the same year.[9] On 25 June 2005, a specimen was captured alive at a depth of 1,625 m (5,331 ft) while taking Patagonian toothfish from a longline in South Georgian waters (#17). Although the heavy mantle could not be brought aboard, the total length was estimated at around 5 m (16 ft) and the animal is thought to have weighed between 150 and 200 kg (330 and 440 lb).[10] It was filmed alive at the surface.[11]

Largest known specimen

The largest known complete specimen of the colossal squid—and the heaviest recorded extant cephalopod—was a mature female (#19) captured in the Ross Sea in February 2007. Its weight was initially estimated at 450 kg (990 lb), its mantle length at 4 m (13 ft), and its total length at 8–10 m (26–33 ft).[15] Once completely thawed the specimen was found to weigh 495 kg (1,091 lb), but to measure only 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in mantle length and 4.2 m (14 ft) in total length.[16][nb 2] It is likely that the specimen, and particularly its tentacles, shrank considerably post mortem as a result of dehydration, having been kept in a freezer for 14 months.[nb 3] Both this and the 2003 specimen received significant media attention and did much to bring the species to public prominence; the following years saw a number of individuals of the more commonly encountered giant squid misidentified as colossal squid (e.g. #[1] and [2]).

Later developments

Perhaps the best video of a live colossal squid is that of an animal (

stress response) before returning to a light pink after lingering at the surface for a short time, thence slowly retreated to deeper water.[22]

Another giant specimen, a female measuring 3.5 m (11 ft) in total length and weighing 350 kg (770 lb), was recovered intact in 2014 (

Since then, several more colossal squid have been filmed or photographed alive at the surface. But as far as is publicly known, the colossal squid has never been observed alive in its natural, deep-water habitat, although

a number of such recordings of the giant squid have been made in recent years.[25] As such, it is the only known extant species of truly giant (>50 kg [110 lb]) cephalopod that has never been filmed in its natural habitat.[nb 4]

List of colossal squid

Records are listed chronologically in ascending order and numbered accordingly. This numbering is not meant to be definitive but rather to provide a convenient means of referring to individual records. Specimens incorrectly identified as colossal squid are counted separately, their numbers enclosed in square brackets, and are highlighted in pink ( ). Records that cover multiple colossal squid specimens, or remains of more than a single animal (e.g. two lower beaks), have the 'Material cited' cell highlighted in grey ( ). Animals that were photographed or filmed while alive are highlighted in yellow ( ). Where a record falls into more than one of these categories, a combination of shadings is used. Where an image of a specimen is available this is indicated by a camera symbol (📷) that links to the image.

  • Date – Date on which the specimen was first captured, found, or observed. Where this is unknown, the date on which the specimen was first reported is listed instead and noted as such. All times are local.
  • Location – Site where the specimen was found, including coordinates and depth information where available. Given as it appears in the cited reference(s), except where additional information is provided in square brackets. The quadrant of a major ocean in which the specimen was found is given in curly brackets (e.g. {SEA}; see Oceanic sectors).
  • Nature of encounter – Circumstances in which the specimen was recovered or observed. Given as they appear in the cited reference(s).
  • Identification – Species- or
    vernacular name
    has been applied to the specimen (e.g. "colossal squid" or a non-English equivalent), this is given instead.
lower rostral length around twice that of the giant squid.[28]
# Date Location Nature of encounter Identification Material cited Material saved Sex Size and measurements Repository Main references Additional references Notes
1 winter of 1924–1925 50 mi (80 km) north of
South Shetland
From sperm whale stomach Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 Two arm (brachial) crowns Entire BMNH 1926.3.31.28; syntypes of Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 Robson (1925:272, figs. 1–2); Lipiński et al. (2000:107) Sweeney & Young (2003); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Sweeney (2017:[31])
2 1956/1957 South Orkney Islands (59°41′S 44°14′W / 59.683°S 44.233°W / -59.683; -44.233 (Colossal squid specimen, 1956/1957))
{SWA}
From sperm whale stomach Architeuthis sp.; Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 Head and mantle Undetermined HL: 30 cm; HW: 20 cm; ED: 16–17 cm; ?WL: ~12 m Korabelnikov (1959:103); Yukhov (1974:62) Sweeney & Roper (2001:[56]) Initial identification by I.I. Akimushkin. From 15.8 m long male sperm whale.
3 1956/1957 South Shetland Islands (61°56′S 52°39′W / 61.933°S 52.650°W / -61.933; -52.650 (Colossal squid specimen, 1956/1957))
{SWA}
From sperm whale stomach Architeuthis sp.; Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 Fin only Undetermined FL: 41 cm; FW: 48 cm; ?WL: ~10 m Korabelnikov (1959:103); Yukhov (1974:62) Sweeney & Roper (2001:[56]) Initial identification by I.I. Akimushkin. From 15 m long male sperm whale.
4 1970 (reported) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire Entire? (juvenile) ML: 86 mm McSweeny (1970); Voss (1980:395, figs. 10b,d) Clarke (1986:199); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Young & Mangold (2019, 2 figs.) Juvenile specimen. Upper and lower beaks described and illustrated.
5 1975 (reported) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni "large specimen"; ML unknown Klumov & Yukhov (1975) Clarke (1986:199) Upper and lower beaks described and illustrated.
6 1980 (reported) From sperm whale stomach Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire; "nearly complete", inner organs missing Entire? Female (subadult) ML: 125 cm Voss (1980:394, fig. 10a) O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Young & Mangold (2019, fig.)
7 1980 (reported) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire Entire? (larva) ML: 23 mm Voss (1980:395, fig. 10c) Young & Mangold (2019, fig.) Advanced paralarva.
8 1980 (reported) From sperm whale stomach(s) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Several partial specimens Entire "large" NMNH Voss (1980:394) O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) One specimen a mature male. Brachial crowns according to O'Shea & Bolstad (2008).
9
(📷)
March 1981 Lazarev Sea, off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctic at 750–770 m depth By trawl Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire Female (immature) ML: 2.42 m; EL: 5.1 m Remeslo (2011); Remeslo (2014, figs. 1–4) Ellis (1998:147, fig.) Caught by Soviet trawler Eureka (Эврика). Photographed on deck by Alexander Remeslo.
1982 (reported) Not given Not given Mesonychoteuthis Not given Transverse slice of gladius ML: "at least" 5 m [estimate] Wood (1982:191) Bright (1989:146)
Cambridge University, possesses a transverse slice of the pen of another Mesonychoteuthis which, judging by its width, must have come from a cranchid [sic] measuring at least 5 m [16 ft] in mantle length." The same information is summarised by Bright (1989:146)
.
10 1985 (reported) at 2000–2200 m depth Trawled in opening-closing net (RMT8) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire? ML: 1.05 m Rodhouse & Clarke (1985) O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)
11 1986 (reported) (47°51′S 40°01′W / 47.850°S 40.017°W / -47.850; -40.017 (Colossal squid specimen, 1986 (reported)), WH 101 I/76) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Lower beak Entire? Female (juvenile) LRL: 7.10 mm; ML: 225.0 mm Clarke (1986:200, fig. A)
12 1986 (reported)
S. Georgia
From sperm whale stomach Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Lower beak Entire? LRL: 13.50 mm Clarke (1986:200, fig. B)
13 1986 (reported)
S. Georgia
From sperm whale stomach Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Lower beak Entire? LRL: 20.40 mm Clarke (1986:200, fig. C)
14
(📷)
March 2003 Ross Sea Found floating at surface, dead Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire; recovered in three pieces, later reassembled Entire Female (subadult) ML: ~2.5 m; WL: ~5.4 m; LRL: 37/38 mm; WT: ~300 kg NMNZ Griggs (2003); Owen (2003); Hoff (2003:86); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) Numerous media sources; Remeslo (2011); Remeslo (2014); McClain et al. (2015); Young & Mangold (2019, fig.) Examined at the
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa by Steve O'Shea and Kat Bolstad, which led them to coin the name "colossal squid" for the species.[29]
15
(📷)
2003 between Macquarie Island and Stewart Island, ~140 nmi (260 km) south of New Zealand waters (53°49.30′S 159°04.44′E / 53.82167°S 159.07400°E / -53.82167; 159.07400 (Colossal squid specimen, 2003)), at 1143 m depth
{SWP}
By trawl Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire Entire Female (immature) ML: 0.9 m [when fresh] Young (2003b); Wassilieff & O'Shea (2006); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); [SeaPics] (N.d.) Examined by Steve O'Shea (see also medial arm suckers).
16 2004 (reported) "in upper slope waters of the Kerguelen Archipelago" From stomach contents of 22
Somniosus pacificus
)
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni 89 beaks; 42 lower, 47 upper (minimum number of individuals: 49) Entire LRL: 10.1–38.8 mm; LRL: 22.3 mm ±7.2 [average]; ML: 61–237 cm [estimate]; ML: 136 cm ±44 [average]; WT: 2.1–91.2 kg [estimate]; WT: 24.4 kg ±22.1 [average] Cherel & Duhamel (2004) M. hamiltoni beaks were found in 61.1% (22/36) of
sleeper sharks
examined. Beaks of this species accounted for 16.1% (89/553) of total recovered cephalopod beaks. M. hamiltoni accounted for 52.0% (1133621/2180535 g) of total reconstituted cephalopod biomass.
17
(📷)
25 June 2005 "South Georgia waters" at 1625 m depth Caught by long-lining fishing vessel targeting Patagonian toothfish; filmed and photographed alive at surface Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire; alive Head with tentacles and arms; mantle too heavy to bring aboard WL: ~5 m [estimate]; WT: 150–200 kg [estimate] [Anonymous] (2005); O'Shea (2005) Caught by longliner Isla Santa Clara. Five men, including the ship's scientific observer, attempted to bring the squid aboard. Paul McCarthy, the scientific observer, estimated the length and weight of the squid. Specimen was sent to King Edward Point (KEP) Scientists for formal identification. Filmed at the surface by Ramon Ferreira Gomez; possibly first colossal squid to be filmed alive.
18
(📷)
8 January 2007 near Ross Ice Shelf
{SWP}
Caught by long-lining fishing vessel targeting Patagonian toothfish; photographed alive at surface Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire; alive None? ML: 12–14 ft (3.7–4.3 m) [estimate?] [Anonymous] (2007a, 3 figs.); Clem (2007, 3 figs.) Photographed alive in the water holding onto a Patagonian toothfish.
19
(📷)
"early February" (captured); 22 February 2007 (reported) Ross Sea
{SWP}
Caught while fishing for Antarctic toothfish; filmed and photographed alive at surface Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire; alive Entire Female EL: 10 m [initial estimate]; EL: 4.2 m [after thawing]; ML: ~2.5 m; LRL: 41/42.5 mm; EyD: 30–40 cm [estimate]; EyD: 27 cm [after thawing]; LD: 12 cm; WT: 495 kg NMNZ Anderton (2007); [Anonymous] (2007b); Griggs (2007); [Anonymous] (2007c); Black (2008); Atkinson (2008b); extensive official online coverage ([Te Papa], 2008a–v); Mackenzie (2019) Numerous media sources and website; McClain et al. (2015); Joseph (2016:476, fig. 8.24a); Cleal (2020:[16]) On public display. First mature specimen ever recovered and largest extant cephalopod scientifically documented. Caught by
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.[30] Featured in Whiti: Colossal Squid of the Deep,[31] winner of 2021 Whitley Award for Best Children's Book.[32]
20 28 May 2007 (reported) New Zealand?
{SWP}
From a research cruise Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Two tentacles ML: 2 m [estimate] Bolstad (2007)
21
(📷)
January 2008 D'Urville Sea, off Antarctica Filmed alive at surface feeding on
changed colour
while lingering at surface, before slowly retreating to deeper water
Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Entire None Estimates by eye-witness Alexander Vagin, quoted in [Anonymous] (2013): ML: ~4 m; MW: ≥0.5 m; WL: >5 m [Anonymous] (2013); Garland (2015); Bühler (2015); Millner (2015); Farquhar (2015); Mills (2015); Strege (2015) Young & Mangold (2019) Seen alive at surface by Russian scientists (including Ivan Istomin and Alexander Vagin) on South Korean research vessel during mission to study
stress response) to light pink. Widely misreported as "giant squid".[33]
22 20 March 2008 (reported) Ross Sea
{SWP}
Caught by New Zealand research vessel Tangaroa "colossal squid" Several specimens Juvenile Atkinson (2008a)
[1] 25 May 2008 about 40 km off
Victoria, Australia
, at 556 m depth
{SWP}
Caught by trawler Zeehaan "colossal squid"; "giant squid" Entire; eyes, skin and fins intact Entire Female EL: >12 m [intact estimate]; ?EL: 5.5–6 m; WT: 245 kg
Museum Victoria
Burgess (2008); [Anonymous] (2008a); [Anonymous] (2008b); McNamara (2008); [Anonymous] (2008c); [Anonymous] (2008d) Non-mesonychoteuthid. Misidentified as a "colossal squid" in some media reports. Reportedly largest recorded giant squid specimen from Australian waters. Capture of squid described by skipper Rangi Pene. Public dissection took place at Melbourne Museum on 17 July 2008, carried out by team of experts led by Mark Norman.
23 2009 (reported) Kerguelen waters
{SIO}
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Lower beak Entire (adult) LRL: 23.6 mm Xavier & Cherel (2009:55, fig. 10)
24 2009 (reported) Kerguelen waters
{SIO}
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Lower beak Entire (juvenile) LRL: 10.4 mm Xavier & Cherel (2009:56, fig. 10)
25 2009 (reported) Kerguelen waters
{SIO}
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Upper beak Entire URL: 27.7 mm Xavier & Cherel (2009:86, fig. 10)
[2] 7 August 2010 (morning) Houghton Bay, Wellington, New Zealand
{SWP}
Found washed ashore in stormwater channel, dead "colossal squid"; "giant squid" Entire; "in bad shape" Beak; other remains left to the elements, washed out to sea around 3 pm ?EL: 3.5–4 m [estimate; "small"] NMNZ Harvey (2010); [Anonymous] (2010); Pollock (2010) Non-mesonychoteuthid. Initially identified as a colossal squid by Department of Conservation Wellington area manager, Rob Stone. Correct identification by
Te Papa
communications manager, Jane Kieg. Te Papa only interested in beak for examination due to poor condition of specimen; probably attacked at sea.
26
(📷)
2 April 2012 (reported; found in previous week) off
Victoria, Australia

{SWP}
Found floating at surface, dead "colossal type [squid]" Entire? ?ML: ~2 m ["body"]; ?MW: ~1 m; WT: 120 kg Collins (2012) Found by local fisherman and boat operator Bob McPherson while fishing for tuna in waters 700 m deep.
27
(📷)
mid-2014 Ross Sea at 1200–1800 m depth
{SWP}
Caught by New Zealand (Sanford Ltd.) vessel San Aspiring while fishing for Patagonian toothfish "colossal squid" Entire; tentacles missing Entire Female EL: 3.5 m; WT: 350 kg; EyD: 35/37 cm NMNZ Bryner (2014); Farquhar (2014); Feltman (2014); extensive official online coverage ([Te Papa], 2014a–f) Numerous media sources Dissected on 16 September 2014 (eye lens and buccal mass removed); caught "a couple of months" earlier. Dissection led by Kat Bolstad and carried out by staff of
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa with help of Auckland University of Technology (including post-graduate researcher Aaron Boyd Evans). Eggs found in mantle. Dissection live streamed on YouTube for 3.5 hours
.
28
(📷)
2015 Ross Sea Caught Mesonychoteuthis Entire; "very good condition" Entire (juvenile) ?EL: ~12 cm NMNZ [NIWA] (2015); [Anonymous] (2015) Collected by
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
by Kat Bolstad and Aaron Boyd Evans. Characteristic hook and sucker combination already discernible on arms.

Abbreviations

Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (#19
). It is the most massive extant cephalopod on record.

The following abbreviations are used in the List of colossal squid table.

Oceanic sectors

M. hamiltoni has a circumpolar Antarctic distribution.

  • SWA, Southwest Atlantic Ocean
  • SEA, Southeast Atlantic Ocean
  • SWP, Southwest Pacific Ocean
  • SEP, Southeast Pacific Ocean
  • SIO, Southern Indian Ocean

Measurements

Abbreviations used for measurements and counts are based on standardised acronyms in teuthology, primarily those defined by Roper & Voss (1983), with the exception of several found in older references.

  • ED, egg diameter
  • EL, "entire" length (end of tentacle(s), often stretched, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to WL, measured from end of arms to posterior tip of tail)
  • EyD, eye diameter
  • FL, fin length
  • FW, fin width
  • HL, head length (most often base of arms to edge of mantle)
  • HW, head width
  • LD, lens diameter
  • LRL, lower rostral length of beak
  • ML, mantle length (used only where stated as such)
  • MW, maximum mantle width (used only where stated as such)
  • WL, "whole" length (end of arms, often damaged, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to EL, measured from end of tentacles to posterior tip of tail)
  • WT, weight

Repositories

Institutional acronyms are those defined by Leviton et al. (1985) and Leviton & Gibbs (1988). Where the acronym is unknown, the full repository name is listed.

  • BMNH, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, England (formerly British Museum (Natural History))
  • NMNH, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
  • NMNZ,
    Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
    , Wellington, New Zealand (formerly Colonial Museum; Dominion Museum)

Specimen images

The number directly below each image corresponds to the specimen or sighting, in the List of colossal squid, that the image depicts. The date on which the specimen was first captured, found, or observed is also given.

Notes

  1. Kondakovia longimana (giant warty squid), much to the surprise of experts, as dead or dying specimens of these species likewise have reddish skin.[14]
  2. ^ The fins of the 2007 Ross Sea specimen measured around 1.2 m (3.9 ft) across and it had a mantle width of 98.2 cm (3.22 ft).[17] The arms ranged in length from 0.85 m (2.8 ft) to 1.15 m (3.8 ft), while the two tentacles were around 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long.[18]
  3. formalin and later propylene glycol).[20]
  4. Haliphron atlanticus
    (seven-arm octopus) has been recorded from submersibles on a number of occasions.

References

Short citations

Full citations

A

Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown}
  • Abe, K. (2019a). 伝説の巨大イカ4K撮影に成功!? NHK「ダーウィンが来た!」13日放送. AV Watch, 10 October 2019. (in Japanese)
  • Abe, K. (2019b). ついに27日放送! 巨大深海イカの4K撮影に挑んだNHK「ダーウィンが来た!」. AV Watch, 25 October 2019. (in Japanese)
  • Aldridge, A.E. (2009). Can beak shape help to research the life history of squid? New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43(5): 1061–1067.
  • Anderton, J. (2007). World's largest squid landed in NZ. The official website of the New Zealand Government. [Archived from the original on 2 May 2008.]
  • Atkinson, K. (2008a). NZ Antarctic voyagers return with scientific treasure trove. The New Zealand Herald, March 20, 2008.
  • Atkinson, K. (2008b). Size matters on 'squid row' (+photos, video). The New Zealand Herald, May 1, 2008.

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