Longline fishing
Longline fishing, or longlining, is a
In some
Longlines can be set to hang near the surface (
Longline fishing is prone to the incidental catching and killing of dolphins, seabirds, sea turtles, and sharks,[5] but less so than deep sea trawling.[6][7]
In Hawaii, where Japanese immigrants introduced longlining in 1917, longline fishing was known as flagline fishing because of the use of flags to mark floats from which hooks were suspended.[8] The term "flagline fishing" persisted until local fishing vessels began to use modern monofilament mainline, line setters, and large, hydraulically powered reels, when the term "longline fishing" was adopted.[8]
Incidental catch
Longline fishing is controversial because of bycatch, fish caught while seeking another species or immature juveniles of the target species. This can cause many issues, such as the killing of many other marine animals while seeking certain commercial fish. Seabirds can be particularly vulnerable during the setting of the line.
Methods to mitigate incidental mortality have succeeded in some fisheries. Mitigation techniques include the use of weights to ensure the lines sink quickly, the deployment of streamer lines to scare away birds, setting lines only at night in low light (to avoid attracting birds), limiting fishing seasons to the southern winter (when most seabirds are not feeding young), and not discharging offal while setting lines.
The
Commercial longline fishing is also one of the main threats to albatrosses, posing a particularly serious threat to their survival.[9] Of the 22 albatross species recognized by the IUCN Red List, 15 are threatened with extinction.[10] The IUCN lists two species as Critically Endangered (Tristan albatross and waved albatross), seven species as Endangered, and six as Vulnerable.[10] Albatrosses and other seabirds which readily feed on offal are attracted to the set bait, become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 8,000 albatross per year are killed in this way.[11] These activities, however, are not randomly spread across the vast oceans, but rather are highly spatially concentrated.[9] Therefore, the bird conservation lobby should work closely with regional fisheries management organizations to devise and implement targeted interventions aimed at reducing potential illegal longline fishing, which, in turn, will likely have positive effects on albatrosses. A simple device which can be fitted onto longlines, known as Hookpod, has been proposed for mitigation of seabird bycatch; Hookpod was rolled out to a total of 15 commercial fishing vessels in New Zealand after a change in regulations in January 2020, with a result of zero seabird bycatch in the first 6 months.
Microplastics
Oceanic
Safety
In the US, a study found that the risk for non-fatal injuries was 35 per 1,000 full-time equivalent employees, about three times higher than average U.S. worker.[14] (This is compared to 43 per 1,000 in the trawler fleet).[15]
Historic images
See also
Notes
- ^ Method and Apparatus for Long Line and Recreational Bait Fishing Patent application 20080202013. 28 August 2008.
- ^ European Union: Identifying Maltese fishing grounds[permanent dead link]
- ^ Rice J, Cooper J, Medley P and Hough A (2006) South Georgia Patagonian Toothfish Longline Fishery Moody Marine.
- ^ Rice J, Cooper J, Medley P and Hough A (2006) Internet Archive South Georgia Patagonian Toothfish Longline Fishery Retrieved 2016-10-27
- ^ "NOAA releases first nation bycatch report". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- PMID 24776718.
- .
- ^ a b "Longline Fishing". Hawaii-Seafood.org.
- ^ PMID 35405876.
- ^ a b "BirdLife Data Zone". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
- ^ Brothers NP. 1991. "Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean." Biological Conservation 55: 255–268.
- ^ Laville, Sandra (2019-11-06). "Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
- ^ Magazine, Smithsonian; Kindy, David. "With Ropes and Nets, Fishing Fleets Contribute Significantly to Microplastic Pollution". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
- . Retrieved 2016-07-15.
- . Retrieved 2016-09-23.
References
- This article incorporates public domain material from Fleet Safety Fact Sheet: Freezer Longliners. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
- Brothers, N P; Cooper, J and Lokkeborg S (1999) The Incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries. Rome, FAOFisheries Circular No 937.
- Eigaard B, Thomsen H, Hovgaard H, Nielsen A and Rijnsdorpd AD (2011) "Fishing power increases from technological development in the Faroe Islands longline fishery" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 69 (11): 1970–1982.
- FAO (2009) Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Number 1: Fishing operations, supplement 2 Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-106423-8.
- Gabriel, Otto; Andres von Brandt (2005). Fish catching methods of the world. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0852382806.
- George JP (1993) Longline fishing Volume 22 of FAO Training Series, FAO, Rome. ISBN 9789251030783.
- Jhonson, Duglas H; Shaffaz, Terry Lickmadik and Gould, Penistrick J (1990) Incidental Catch of Marine Birds in the North Pacific High Seas Driftnet Fisheries U.S. Geological Survey.
- Valdemarsen, John W Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries UN Atlas of the Oceans: Fishery Technology Service.
- Set longlines FAO Fishing Gear Types, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- Industrial Tuna Longlining FAO Fishing Techniques, Rome. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- Pham, Christopher K; Diogo, Hugo; Menezes, Gui; et al. Deep-water longline fishing has reduced impact on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Scientific Reports, via Nature Magazine online. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
External links
- Longlining Seafood Watch, Fishing Methods Fact Card. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- Long lining New Zealand Seafood Industry Council.
- Talleres Hermida S.L Pioneer in manufacture of surface paternoster line and systems longline.