List of ironclad warships of Italy
Starting in 1860, the
Most of these ships were constructed at the beginning of the
The second generation of Italian ironclads had uneventful careers, spending much of their time occupied with training exercises. Despite Italy's rivalry with the
Armament | The number and type of the primary armament |
---|---|
Armor | The maximum thickness of the belt armor (or deck armor, where applicable) |
Displacement | Ship displacement at full combat load |
Propulsion | Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated |
Service | The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate |
Laid down | The date the keel assembly commenced |
Commissioned | The date the ship was commissioned |
Formidabile class
The first Italian ironclads, the two Formidabile-class ships, were actually ordered from a French shipyard by the
Both ships saw action against Austrian forces during the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, including during the Lissa campaign, though neither ship participated in the Battle of Lissa itself. Formidabile had been too badly damaged during an attack on the main coastal fortifications on the island the day before the battle and had been forced to withdraw, while Terrible had been stationed to the south and her captain delayed rejoining the fleet until after the battle had ended.[3][4] Both were modernized in the 1870s, though they had become obsolete due to the rapid pace of naval developments during the period, being surpassed first by central battery ships and then by turret ships.[5] Formidabile and Terrible served as training ships from the mid-1880s until they were scrapped in 1903 and 1904, respectively.[6]
Ship | Armament[6] | Armor[6] | Displacement[6] | Propulsion[6] | Service[6] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Formidabile | 4 × 203 mm (8 in) guns 16 × 164 mm (6 in) guns |
109 mm (4.3 in) | 2,807 long tons (2,852 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) | December 1860 | May 1862 | Broken up, 1903 |
Terribile | June 1860 | September 1861 | Broken up, 1904 |
Principe di Carignano class
At the same time that Sardinia ordered the two Formidabile-class ships, the navy also awarded contracts for a pair of unarmored steam frigates, Principe di Carignano and Messina. Like the Formidabiles, these two ships were redesigned after they had been laid down to convert them into broadside ironclads. A third ship, Principe Umberto, was too far advanced in her construction to allow for conversion, and so she was completed as a wooden vessel. To replace Principe Umberto, the navy ordered another member of the class, Conte Verde, which was built to a modified design. The primary difference between the first two vessels and Conte Verde was the lack of a complete armored belt; she had armor protection just for the bow and stern. All three ships carried a battery of twenty-two 203 mm (8 in) and 164 mm (6.5 in) guns, though Principe di Carignano had ten of the former and twelve of the latter, while Messina and Conte Verde both had four and eighteen, respectively.[7][8]
Principe di Carignano was the only member of the class to have been completed in time for the Third Italian War of Independence. She took part in the Battle of Lissa, though she was the lead ship in the Italian
Ship | Armament[11] | Armor[11] | Displacement[11] | Propulsion[11] | Service[11] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Principe di Carignano | 10 × 203 mm guns 12 × 164 mm guns |
121 mm (4.75 in) | 3,912 long tons (3,975 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 10.4 knots (19.3 km/h; 12.0 mph) | January 1861 | 11 June 1865 | Broken up, 1875 |
Messina | 28 September 1861 | February 1867 | Broken up, 1880 | ||||
Conte Verde | 2 March 1863 | December 1871 | Broken up, 1898 |
Re d'Italia class
After the first orders had been placed with Italian shipyards, the newly-formed Kingdom of Italy began to place orders for additional ironclads abroad, since Italian firms did not have the capacity to accept the number of contracts required by the Italian navy. The first of these foreign-built ships, the Re d'Italia class, were ordered from the United States, from a design based heavily on the French ironclad Gloire. They were significantly more powerful than the earlier Italian ironclads, carrying a battery of thirty-six heavy guns on the broadside. The ships proved to be disappointments in service, in part due to their sterns, which were not protected and directly led to the loss of Re d'Italia at the Battle of Lissa. They were also poorly built; the American shipyard used unseasoned timbers to construct their hulls, and Re di Portogallo was discarded relatively early in her career after they were found to have severely rotted.[8][13]
Re d'Italia served as the flagship of the Italian fleet from her commissioning until shortly before the Battle of Lissa. The Italian fleet commander, Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano, transferred to the brand-new turret ship Affondatore moments before the Austrian fleet attacked, which created widespread confusion in the Italian fleet, which was largely not aware of the change. In the ensuing melee, Re d'Italia had her rudder shot away, and having been rendered unmaneuverable, was rammed and sunk by the Austrian flagship, Erzherzog Ferdinand Max. Re di Portogallo was also rammed, but she was only lightly damaged.[14][15] Re di Portogallo saw little activity over the next decade, like the rest of the Italian ironclad fleet. In 1875, she was discarded owing to a combination of her badly rotted hull, and as a means reduce naval expenditures while the large and very expensive Duilio-class ironclads were being built.[11][12]
Ship | Armament[11] | Armor[11] | Displacement[11] | Propulsion[11] | Service[11] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Re d'Italia | 6 × 203 mm guns 30 × 164 mm guns |
114 mm (4.5 in) | 5,700 long tons (5,800 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) | 21 November 1861 | 14 September 1864 | Sunk, Battle of Lissa, 1866 |
Re di Portogallo | December 1861 | 23 August 1864 | Broken up, 1875 |
Regina Maria Pia class
To continue its naval expansion program, the Regia Marina placed orders for four more ironclads from French shipyards in 1862. The design for the new ships was prepared by French naval constructors; since they were built by three different shipyards, they varied slightly in their dimensions, but they were broadly similar in all major respects. They carried most of their battery of twenty-six guns in the traditional broadside arrangement, with the exception of three of the 164 mm guns, which were placed in forward and rearward firing bunkers as chase guns. Though not as powerful in terms of gun power as the Re d'Italia class that preceded them, they nevertheless proved to be more effective in service, remaining in active service until the 1880s.[16][17]
All four ships were completed in time for the Third War of Italian independence, where they formed the core of the Italian ironclad fleet. Distributed along the Italian line, they were heavily engaged in the battle; San Martino attempted to rescue Re d'Italia before the latter was rammed and sunk, and in the confusion, she accidentally collided with Regina Maria Pia. Ancona also crashed into another Italian warship, the
Ship | Armament[20] | Armor[20] | Displacement[20] | Propulsion[20] | Service[20] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Regina Maria Pia | 8 × 203 mm guns 22 × 164 mm guns. |
121 mm | 4,527 long tons (4,600 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 12.96 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) | 22 July 1862 | 17 April 1864 | Broken up, 1904 |
San Martino | 9 November 1864 | Broken up, 1903 | |||||
Castelfidardo | May 1864 | Broken up, 1910 | |||||
Ancona | 11 August 1862 | April 1866 | Broken up, 1903 |
Roma class
In 1863, the Regia Marina ordered another pair of ironclads;[20] by this time, foreign navies had begun to experiment with the first central battery ships, which discarded the usual broadside arrangement in favor of a shorter battery located amidships. This allowed designers to use a significantly shorter (and correspondingly much lighter) section of side armor to protect the guns, which in turn permitted the carrying of heavier, more powerful guns. And since the resulting ship could be shorter, it would also be more maneuverable. Additionally, central battery arrangements typically allowed for end-on fire from some of the guns.[21] Roma was completed to her original design, but Venezia was extensively reworked while still under construction to convert her into a central battery ship. Instead of the battery of five 254 mm and ten 203 mm guns carried in Roma, Venezia could employ a battery of eighteen 254 mm guns.[20][22] Ironically, by the time Venezia entered service, the Italian navy had begun building even more advanced vessels like the Duilio-class turret ships that were laid down that year.[5]
Like most of the other first generation ironclads built in Italy, both vessels were completed too late to see service during the Third Italian War of Independence, and as a result of the Regia Marina's defeat in the war, saw little activity for the duration of their careers. Roma was mobilized during the Franco-Prussian War, during which Italy took advantage of the French defeat to seize Rome. Roma and the rest of the fleet was to attack the port of Civitavecchia, but the fleet was unable to assemble sufficient forces for the operation. In 1880, Venezia became a torpedo training ship, while Roma was converted into a depot ship in 1890. Venezia was sold for scrap in 1896; Roma was set on fire by lightning that year and proved to be a total loss, forcing her disposal as well.[23]
Ship | Armament[20] | Armor[20] | Displacement[20] | Propulsion[20] | Service[20] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Roma | 5 × 10 in (254 mm) guns 12 × 203 mm guns |
150 mm (5.9 in) | 6,151 long tons (6,250 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) | February 1863 | May 1869 | Broken up, 1896 |
Venezia | 1 April 1873 |
Affondatore
Affondatore was the last foreign-built ironclad of the Regia Marina; she was ordered from Britain in 1862. She was also the only armored ram to be built for Italy. The vessel's designer, then-Commander Simone Antonio Saint-Bon, originally intended the ship to be unarmed, using only her ram to attack other vessels, but another designer at the British shipbuilder altered the design to add a pair of 300-pound Armstrong guns in single gun turrets. Since she was intended to ram other warships, she was completed with a low freeboard and a minimal superstructure. The ship was still fitting out in June 1866, when Italy was preparing to declare war on Austria; the Regia Marina, eager to receive the powerful new ship, sent the crew to bring the ship, incomplete, back to Italy to strengthen the fleet.[24][25]
Affondatore joined the fleet while it was conducting its campaign against the island of Lissa, and on the morning of the battle, as the Austrian fleet approached, Persano shifted his flag from Re d'Italia to Affondatore without informing the rest of the fleet. He attempted to steam up and down the disengaged side of the Italian fleet to issue orders to individual ships, but their captains were unaware that Persano was aboard Affondatore, so they ignored him. After Re d'Italia had been rammed and sunk, Persano finally decided to commit Affondatore to the battle, and he half-heartedly and unsuccessfully attempted to ram the Austrian ship of the line Kaiser. After the two fleets disengaged, the Italians withdrew to Ancona, where Affondatore foundered either due to the damage received in the battle,[26] or the fact that her low freeboard did not permit her to weather a severe storm that struck the port.[27] She was refloated and repaired, and in the late 1880s, Affondatore was rebuilt into a more modern warship. She became a training ship in 1891, and remained in service until 1907, when she was stricken from the register and converted into a depot ship. Her ultimate fate is unknown.[20]
Ship | Armament[20] | Armor[20] | Displacement[20] | Propulsion[20] | Service[20] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Affondatore | 2 × 300-pounder guns | 127 mm (5 in) | 4,307 long tons (4,376 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 12 knots | 11 April 1863 | 20 June 1866 | Unknown, stricken, 1907 |
Principe Amedeo class
The two Principe Amedeo-class ships were the last of the first generation of Italian ironclads; they were also the only Italian-built ships designed as ironclads (as opposed to the converted wooden frigates of the Principe di Carignano class), and the only Italian vessels designed from the ground up as central battery ships. Principe Amedeo and Palestro positioned their guns differently; both mounted the 279 mm gun as bow chaser, but the six 254 mm guns aboard Principe Amedeo were located in a single, central casemate, while Palestro carried four of them in a casemate further aft and the other two in the same forward casemate as the bow chaser.[28]
The ships were completed too late to take part in the final stages of the wars of Italian unification. Instead, they were assigned to the Italian colonial empire, with occasional stints in the main Italian fleet.[29] In the late 1880s, Principe Amedeo and Palestro were withdrawn from frontline service and employed as headquarters ships for the harbor defense forces of Taranto and La Maddalena, respectively. Principe Amedeo was stricken from the naval register in 1895 and used as an ammunition depot ship in Taranto until 1910, when she was sold for scrap. Palestro was employed as a training ship between 1894 and 1900, when she too was stricken from the register. She was broken up between 1902 and 1904.[30]
Ship | Armament[30] | Armor[30] | Displacement[30] | Propulsion[30] | Service[30] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Principe Amedeo | 6 × 254 mm guns 1 × 279 mm (11 in) gun |
221 mm (8.7 in) | 6,020 long tons (6,120 t) | One shaft, single-expansion steam engine, 12.2 knots (22.6 km/h; 14.0 mph) | August 1865 | 15 December 1874 | Broken up, 1910 |
Palestro | 11 July 1875 | Broken up, 1902 |
Duilio class
By the early 1870s, the Italian government decided to reinvest in the Regia Marina and rebuild its fleet, initially in an attempt to gain a significant advantage over the Austrian navy.
Shortly after the ships entered service, Italy signed the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, rendering moot the original strategic plan for the vessels. As a result, the primary potential opponent became France, Germany's traditional rival. Accordingly, the Italian fleet began to conduct war games throughout the 1880s and 1890s to develop doctrines for a future war with France.[33][34] Enrico Dandolo was extensively rebuilt in the mid-1890s and received more modern quick-firing guns, but the modernization proved to be too expensive to rebuild Duilio as well. Long since obsolete, Duilio and Enrico Dandolo were reduced to training ships in 1902 and 1905, respectively. Duilio was converted into a depot ship in 1909, but her ultimate fate is unknown. Enrico Dandolo became a guard ship in 1913, and served in this capacity through World War I. She was stricken in 1920 and broken up that year.[30][35]
Ship | Armament[30] | Armor[30] | Displacement[30] | Propulsion[30] | Service[30] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Duilio | 4 × 450 mm (17.7 in) guns
|
550 mm (21.5 in) | 12,071 long tons (12,265 t) | Two shafts, compound steam engines, 15.04 knots (27.85 km/h; 17.31 mph) | 24 April 1873 | 6 January 1880 | Unknown, converted to oil storage hulk , 1909
|
Enrico Dandolo | 8 January 1873 | 11 April 1882 | Broken up, 1920 |
Italia class
The Italian reconstruction program continued under Brin's direction with the construction of the two Italia-class ships in 1876–1887. These two ships were broadly similar to the Duilio class, though they differed in several significant ways. First, they discarded the heavy side armored belt of the Duilios and instead relied on a sloped armored deck backed by the cellular raft pioneered in the earlier vessels.[36] The reduced weight of the hull allowed the vessels to be significantly faster than any other ironclad in the world;[37] in fact, the combination of high speed, heavy guns, and light armor protection has led naval historians like Lawrence Sondhaus to refer to them as "proto battlecruisers".[5] In addition, the Italias used much lighter barbette mounts for their main battery, as opposed to the heavy and slow turrets of the Duilios.[36]
The two Italia-class ironclads served in the fleet with the Duilios for the majority of their active careers. Like the Duilios, they were primarily occupied with training exercises during this period. In the early 1900s, the Regia Marina considered rebuilding the ships along the same lines as Enrico Dandolo, but it determined that the cost would have been prohibitively high. Instead, they were reduced to subsidiary roles, with Lepanto becoming a gunnery training ship in 1902 and Italia becoming a torpedo training ship in 1909.[36] Both ships were activated during the Italo-Turkish War in 1911, and they were sent to Tripoli to provide gunfire support to Italian forces that had captured the North African city.[38] Lepanto was sold for scrap in March 1915, shortly before Italy entered World War I, but Italia remained in service through the war, first as a guard ship in Brindisi. In December 1917, she was converted into a grain carrier and thereafter served with the Ministry of Transport and the State Railways, before being returned to the Regia Marina in 1921 and then being scrapped that year.[36][39]
Ship | Armament[36] | Armor[36] | Displacement[36] | Propulsion[36] | Service[36] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Italia | 4 × 432 mm (17 in) guns | 102 mm (4 in) (deck) | 15,407 long tons (15,654 t) | Four shafts, compound steam engines, 17.8 knots (33.0 km/h; 20.5 mph) | 3 January 1876 | 16 October 1885 | Broken up, 1921 |
Lepanto | 4 November 1876 | 16 August 1887 | Broken up, 1915 |
Ruggiero di Lauria class
By 1880, Brin had been forced out as the Italian naval minister,
Owing in part to their dated design, the three ships had uneventful careers, spending the 1890s in the main Italian fleet where they took part in maneuvers but saw no action. Having begun building a series of modern battleships, the Regia Marina discarded Ruggiero di Lauria and Francesco Morosini in 1909, the latter being used as a target ship in torpedo tests and the former becoming a floating oil tank. Ruggiero di Lauria was renamed GM 45, and was ultimately sunk by Allied bombers in 1943 during World War II. Andrea Doria, meanwhile, remained in service until 1911 when she was converted into a depot ship. After Italy entered World War I in May 1915, she was reactivated as a guard ship and based in Brindisi. After the war, she was converted into a floating oil tank before being sold for scrap in 1929.[43][44]
Ship | Armament[43] | Armor[43] | Displacement[43] | Propulsion[43] | Service[43] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Ruggiero di Lauria | 4 × 432 mm guns | 451 mm (17.75 in) | 10,997 long tons (11,173 t) | Two shafts, compound steam engines, 16 to 17 knots (30 to 31 km/h; 18 to 20 mph) | 3 August 1881 | 1 February 1888 | Sunk by bombers, 1943 |
Francesco Morosini | 4 December 1881 | 21 August 1889 | Sunk as a target, 1909 | ||||
Andrea Doria | 7 January 1882 | 16 May 1891 | Broken up, 1929 |
Re Umberto class
Brin returned to the naval ministry in 1883, which allowed his design preferences to prevail when the next class of ironclads were ordered that year.
The Re Umbertos saw service with the Italian fleet through the early period of their careers, though the more modern pre-dreadnought battleships of the Ammiraglio di Saint Bon and Regina Margherita classes had begun to enter service by the mid-1900s.[47] Accordingly, the three Re Umbertos were reduced to reserve status in 1905.[48] They were reactivated during the Italo-Turkish War, where they were extensively employed as coastal bombardment vessels in the North African campaign. There, they shelled Ottoman defenses, supported Italian troops holding the city of Tripoli, and shelled ports under Ottoman control.[49] Sicilia became a depot ship after the war, and once Italy entered World War I, Sardegna and Re Umberto became guard ships in Venice and Brindisi, respectively. In 1918, Re Umberto was converted into an assault ship, mounting numerous light guns in place of her original armament for a planned attack on the Austro-Hungarian base at Pola, but the war ended before it could be carried out. She was broken up in 1920, followed by the other two members of the class in 1923.[50]
Ship | Armament[43] | Armor[43] | Displacement[43] | Propulsion[43] | Service[43] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||
Re Umberto | 4 × 343 mm (13.5 in) guns
|
102 mm | 15,454 long tons (15,702 t) | Two shafts, compound steam engines, 18.5 knots (34.3 km/h; 21.3 mph) | 10 July 1884 | 16 February 1893 | Broken up, 1920 |
Sicilia | 3 November 1884 | 4 May 1895 | Broken up, 1923 | ||||
Sardegna | 24 October 1885 | 16 February 1895 |
See also
Notes
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 328
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 334–335, 337
- ^ Greene & Massignani, pp. 217–222
- ^ Wilson, pp. 219–241
- ^ a b c d Sondhaus (2001), p. 112
- ^ a b c d e f Gardiner, p. 337
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 334
- ^ a b Gardiner, pp. 335, 338
- ^ Greene & Massignani, p. 232
- ^ Wilson, pp. 232–241
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gardiner, p. 338
- ^ a b Sondhaus (1994), p. 50–51
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 338
- ^ Wilson, pp. 220–233, 236–242
- ^ Greene & Massignani, pp. 232–233
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 335, 339
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 342
- ^ Wilson, pp. 234–238, 240, 247
- ^ Ordovini et al., pp. 343–344
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gardiner, p. 339
- ^ Sondhaus (1994), p. 44
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 348
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 336, 339
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 335, 339–340
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 354
- ^ Wilson, pp. 223–225, 232–241, 245
- ^ Greene & Massignani, p. 237
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 337–340
- ^ Ordovini et al., p. 358
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gardiner, p. 340
- ^ Greene & Massignani, p. 394
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 340–341
- ^ Clarke & Thursfield, pp. 202–203
- ^ Sondhaus (1994), pp. 66–67
- ^ Silverstone, p. 297
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gardiner, p. 341
- ^ Gibbons, p. 106
- ^ Beehler, p. 47
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 255
- ^ a b Sondhaus (2014), p. 99
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 340–342
- ^ Sondhaus (2014), pp. 107–108, 111
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gardiner, p. 342
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, pp. 255–256
- ^ O'Hara, Dickson, & Worth, p. 180
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 29, 342
- ^ Gardiner, pp. 342–343
- ^ Brassey, p. 45
- ^ Beehler, pp. 19–20, 47–48, 81, 90–91
- ^ Gardiner & Gray, p. 256
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