Manggarai people
Ata Manggarai | |
---|---|
Roman Catholic) – 90%, Sunni Islam – 10% | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Lamaholot people |
The Manggarai are an
Etymology
The Manggarai people sometimes refer to themselves as Ata Manggarai, which means "people of Manggarai".[2]
Settlements
Manggarai people are one of the aboriginal peoples of the island of Flores. Manggarai settlements cover over 6,700 square kilometers, almost a third of Flores, in the western part of the island.[3]
History
According to historical records, Manggarai has been ruled by the
One of the early state formation in Manggarai in the 17th century was the formation of the tribal kingdom of Todo, whose first king was called Mashur of
In 1929, the Western part of Flores was separated from the Bima Sultanate.[7] Then, followed by the invasion of the Dutch colonialists in the 20th century and the subsequent Christianization of Manggarai.
Language
The language spoken throughout the region is called Tombo Manggarai, a language with around 43 sub-dialects divided into 5 dialect groups which is very distinct from the languages of ethnic groups to the east and from Indonesian.[8] The 5 dialect groups are Western Manggarai, Central West Manggarai, Central Manggarai, East Manggarai and Far East Manggarai. The latter, separated from other dialects by the Rembong language, is distributed in the north-central part of the island of Flores. It is spoken by about 300,000 people.[3] There are also native speakers of the Rongga language (there are about 5,000 of them) living in three settlements in the southern part of the East Manggarai Regency. This language is not singled out even by most of Manggarai people themselves, because it is considered as part of the Manggarai language.[9]
Culture
Religion
More than 90% of the Manggarai people are
Traditional beliefs of settlements in the central part of the island include the cult of the supreme creator god, Mori Karaeng, a form of ancestral worship.[13] Massive celebrations are held by the priest to sacrifice buffalos (ata Mbeki), which are accompanied by ritual dances and battles between the two parties of men in military garb.[14]
Rituals
The Manggarai people are known to have series of ritual as a thanksgiving for the life that has been given to them to live in a certain time period. Among others are:-[15]
- Penti Manggarai, a ceremony of harvest thanksgiving celebration.[16]
- Barong Lodok, a ritual that invites the guardian spirit to the center of Lingko (middle farm).[17]
- Barong Wae, a ritual to invite ancestral spirits to be a watcher over springs.[18]
- Barong Compang, a ceremony of summoning a village guardian spirit at night.[19]
- Wisi Loce, this ceremony is conducted so that all spirits who are invited are able to wait a moment before the climax of the Penti ceremony.
- Libur Kilo, a ceremony of thanksgiving for the welfare of each family in their homes.[20]
Traditional clothing
Initially, the traditional clothing consist of two pieces of fabric, reinforced in front and behind with a cord at the waist and hips. Modern clothing are of the same type as mainstream Indonesian.
Fighting arts
Manggarai people also have a traditional folk sport and war dance called caci, a form of whip fighting where fighting and parrying each other using a whip and a shield is usually performed by two young men in a large field. Caci performance usually begins with danding dance performances, before the caci warriors display their abilities to hit and parry in the competition. The dance is commonly referred to as Tandak Manggarai, a dance performed on stage to predict the outcome of the caci competition.[15]
Society and lifestyle
The early political system of Manggarai was clan-based
The traditional settlement has a circular layout, and the modern (beo) is an ordinary one. In the center of the settlement is a round public space on which is a large tree; usually of the Ficus genus and megalithic structures are found.[25] In the past, a settlement could consist of one large house, which could hold up to 200 people.[26] In modern settlements, beo usually has from 5 to 20 homes of round or oval shape on stilts, with a high (about 9 meters) conical roof descending to the ground.
In Manggarai settlements, free spaces are paved with huge stones. In the city of
Livelihood
Distribution of handicrafts are such as carving, metalworking and weaving. They also engage in manual tropical farming (they switched from slash-and-burn system to Crop rotation system to grow Upland rice, legumes, vegetables, tobacco, coffee and corn). Animal husbandry is widespread (buffaloes are bred for socially significant animal ceremonies, horses are kept as packs transportation, pigs and chickens). Manggarai people do not hunt nor do they fish.[10]
Dietary
The main food is corn porridge with vegetables and pork (which are only consumed by non-Muslim Manggarai people), as well as
See also
- mountain tribe
- Rangko tribe from Sulawesi island
References
- ^ "Manggarai in Indonesia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
- ISBN 08-753-6403-9.
- ^ ISBN 31-108-8401-1.
- ^ a b "Manggarai". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
- ISBN 08-595-8646-4.
- ^ a b c d [1] Hans Daeng. 1995. Manggarai daerah sengketa antara Bima dan Goa
- ISBN 978-90-042-5402-2.
- ^ Ethnologue: Manggarai
- ISBN 978-01-995-4454-7.
- ^ ISBN 06-743-0675-9.
- ISBN 978-98-123-0366-0.
- ISBN 81-877-4696-3.
- ISBN 37-913-2092-0.
- ISBN 97-982-5800-2.
- ^ a b "Etnis Manggarai, dari Ritual ke Ritual". Liputan6. 19 August 2001. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
- ISBN 978-11-342-6380-6.
- ^ Markus Makur (7 November 2014). I Made Asdhiana (ed.). "Unik, Tradisi "Poka Kaba" di Lembah Kampung Bumbu". Kompas. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ Markus Makur (5 May 2016). "Clean-up ritual a la Manggarai people". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ "Penti Weki Peso Beo, Ritus Pembersihan Dosa Kampung (Bagian II)". Berita Satu. 18 August 2012. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ David Edison (1 April 2012). "Mengenal Upacara Penti dalam Budaya Manggarai". Kompasiana. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ M. Junus Melalatoa (1995). Ensiklopedi Suku Bangsa di Indonesia Jilid L-Z. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. p. 518.
- ISBN 06-743-0675-9.
- ISBN 90-671-8223-0.
- ISBN 37-913-2092-0.
- ISBN 97-995-1357-X.
- ISBN 978-14-144-4892-3.
- ISBN 08-753-6403-9.
- ^ Rusyad Adi Suriyanto1, Janatin Hastuti, Neni Trilusiana Rahmawati, Koeshardjono & T. Jacob (2008). "Acromiocristalis Population of Pygmy Rampasasa (Manggarai District, Flores Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province)" (PDF). Gadjah Mada University. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
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Further reading
- Steenbrink, Karel (2013). "Dutch Colonial Containment of Islam in Manggarai, West-Flores, in Favour of Catholicism, 1907–1942". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 169 (1): 104–128. .
- Widyawati, Fransiska (2013). The Development of Catholicism in Eastern Indonesia: Manggarai Identity, Religion and Politics (Doctoral thesis). Gadjah Mada University – via repository.stkipsantupaulus.ac.id.