Betawi people
Betawi people, or Batavians
However, the term "native" itself is questionable, since it is probable that the Betawi people emerged in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various ethnic groups into Batavia.[9][10][11]
Origin and history
The Betawis are one of the most recently formed ethnic groups in Indonesia. They are a creole ethnic group in that their ancestors came from various parts of Indonesia and abroad. Before the 19th century, the self-identity of the Betawi people was not yet formed.[12] The name Betawi is adopted from the native rendering of the term "Batavia" city which was originally named after the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe.
In the 17th century,
Originally, circa the 17th to 18th century, the dwellers of Batavia were identified according to their ethnics of origin; either Sundanese, Javanese, Malays, Ambonese, Buginese-Makassar, or Arabs and Chinese. This was shown in the Batavia census record that listed the immigrant's ethnic background of Batavian citizens. They were separated into specific ethnic-based enclaves
Language
The Betawi language, also known as Betawi Malay, is a
Society
Due to their historical sentiment as a marginalized ethnic group in their native land, the Betawi people form several communal organizations to protect themselves from other ethnic groups and strengthen the Betawi solidarity. Notable organizations include the
Religion
Religions | Total |
---|---|
Islam | 6,607,019 |
Christianity | 151,429 |
Buddhism | 39,278 |
Hinduism | 1,161 |
Others | 2,056 |
Overall | 6,800,943 |
A substantial majority of the Betawi people follow Sunni Islam. Anthropologist Fachry Ali of IAIN Pekalongan considers that Islam is one of the main sources for the formation of the Betawi culture and identity, and as such these two cannot be separated.[19] The element of Islam can be seen in many parts of Betawi society. For example, the Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), a Betawi organization, considers the ethos of their organization to be the three S's: Sholat (prayer), Silat (martial arts), and Sekolah (pesantren-based education).[15] Betawi people often strongly emphasize their Islamic identity in their writings, which is observed by many foreign academics. Susan Abeyasekere of Monash University observed that many of the Betawi people are devout and orthodox Muslims.[20]
There are Betawi people who profess the Christian faith. Among the Betawi ethnic Christians, some have claimed that they are the descendants of the
Meester Anthing became the first to bring Christianity to the Betawi community of Kampung Sawah, and founded the Protestant Church of Kampung Sawah, by combining mysticism, Betawi culture, and Christianity. However this community split into three rival factions in 1895, the first faction was led by Guru Laban based in West Kampung Sawah, the second faction was under Yoseh based in East Kampung Sawah, and the third under Guru Nathanael which was dismissed from the Protestant Church of Kampung Sawah and seek refuge in Jakarta Cathedral and adopted Catholicism.[22] The Catholic St. Servatius Church in Kampung Sawah, Bekasi, which traces its origin to the Guru Nathanael community, uses Betawi culture and language in its mass.[23] A practice that is shared by other churches in Kampung Sawah.[24]
Culture
The culture and art form of the Betawi people demonstrates the influences experienced by them throughout their history. Foreign influences are visible, such as Portuguese and Chinese influences on their music, and Sundanese, Javanese, and Chinese influences in their dances. Contrary to popular perception, which believes that Betawi culture is currently marginalized and under pressure from the more dominant neighbouring Javanese and Sundanese cultures—Betawi culture is thriving since it is being adopted by immigrants who have settled in Jakarta. The Betawi culture also has become an identity for the city, promoted through municipal government patronage. The Betawi dialect is often spoken in TV shows and
Architecture
Traditionally Betawi people are not urban dwellers living in gedong (European-style building) or two-storied Chinese rumah toko (
In the coastal area in the Marunda area, North Jakarta, the Betawi traditional houses are built in rumah panggung style, which are houses built on
Betawi houses are typically one of three styles: rumah bapang (or rumah kebaya), rumah gudang (warehouse style), and Javanese-influenced rumah joglo. Most Betawi houses have a
Music
The Gambang kromong and Tanjidor, as well as Keroncong Kemayoran music, is derived from the kroncong music of Portuguese Mardijker people of the Tugu area, North Jakarta. "Si Jali-jali" is an example of a traditional Betawi song.
Dance and drama
The
Betawi's popular folk drama is called lenong, which is a form of theater that draws themes from local urban legends, and foreign stories to the everyday life of Betawi people.[30]
Martial arts
Ceremonies
During a Betawi wedding ceremony, there is a palang pintu (lit. door's bar) tradition of silat Betawi demonstration. It is a choreographed
Other Betawi celebrations and ceremonies include sunatan or khitanan (Muslim circumcision), and the Lebaran Betawi festival.[33]
Cuisine
Finding its roots in a thriving port city, Betawi has an eclectic cuisine that reflects foreign culinary traditions that have influenced the inhabitants of Jakarta for centuries. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by
-
Asinan Betawi
-
Roti buaya (Crocodile bread)
Notable people
- Si Pitung, legendary bandit
- Mohammad Husni Thamrin, National Hero of Indonesia
- Benyamin Sueb, legendary comedian, singer and actor
- Imam Syafei, military figure and former special minister of security
- Ismail Marzuki, composer and musician
- Fauzi Bowo, governor of Jakarta 2007–2012
- Zainuddin M. Z., Islamic nationwide preacher and politician
- Suryadharma Ali, politician
- Omaswati, actress
- Mpok Nori, comedian
- Julia Perez, actress and singer
- Surya Saputra, actor, singer and model
- Iko Uwais, actor, martial artist and stuntman
- Ayu Ting Ting, singer
- Aiman Witjaksono, journalist and news anchor
- Asmirandah Zantman, actress and singer
- Francesca Gabriella Dewi Rezer, actress, presenter and model
See also
- Batavia (now Jakarta)
- Benteng Chinese
- Mardijker people
- Cocos Malays
References
- ^ "Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Dan Bahasa Sehari-Hari Penduduk Indonesia". Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. 270 (based on 2010 census data).
- ^ Castle, Lance (1967). "The Ethnic Profile of Djakarta". Indonesia: 156.
- ISBN 9067180351.
- ISBN 0-8108-4935-6.
- ISBN 9781782382690.
- ^ No Money, No Honey: A study of street traders and prostitutes in Jakarta by Alison Murray. Oxford University Press, 1992. Glossary page xi
- ^ a b c Dina Indrasafitri (26 April 2012). "Betawi: Between tradition and modernity". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ Woelandhary, Ayoeningsih Dyah (2020). Wita, Afri (ed.). "The Betawi Society's Socio-Cultural Reflectionsin the Motif Batik Betawi". Proceeding International Conference 2020: Reposition of the Art and Cultural Heritage After Pandemic Era: 25–29.
- ISBN 978-1-000-61917-1.
- ISBN 978-90-04-45429-3.
- ^ a b c "Debunking the 'native Jakartan myth'". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 7 November 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
- ^ a b c Indah Setiawati (24 June 2012). "Betawi house hunt". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ Setiono Sugiharto (21 June 2008). "The perseverance of Betawi language in Jakarta". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ a b Farish A. Noor. (2012). The Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR) of Jakarta: an ethnic‑cultural solidarity movement in a globalising Indonesia. (RSIS Working Paper, No. 242). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.
- ^ Ormas Forkabi Punya Ketua Baru Artikel ini telah tayang di JPNN.com dengan judul "Ormas Forkabi Punya Ketua Baru". JPNN. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 270 (based on 2010 census data).
- ^ Arti Agama Islam bagi Orang Betawi. NU Online. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Jakarta: A History. By Susan Abeyasekere. Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987.
- ^ "Betawi or not Betawi?". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 26 August 2010.
- ^ Firdaus, Randy Ferdi (20 December 2015). "Betawi rasa Kristiani di Kampung Sawah Bekasi". merdeka.com. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Hidup Berbeda Agama Dalam Satu Atap di Kampung Sawah | Special Content
- ^ Ramadhian, Nabilla (27 December 2022). "Cerita di Balik Jemaat Misa Natal Gereja Kampung Sawah yang Pakai Baju Adat Betawi Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "What to become of native Betawi culture?". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. 26 November 2010.
- ^ "'Rumah Si Pitung' most popular among Jakarta Maritime Museum attractions". The Jakarta Post. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ "Betawi style". The Jakarta Post. 1 September 2013.
- ^ "Yapong Dance, Betawi Traditional Dance". Indonesia Tourism. 27 March 2013.
- ^ "Jakarta Traditional Dance – Betawi Mask Dance". Indonesia Travel Guide. 4 August 2015.
- ^ "Lenong". Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta City Government. 13 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013.
- ^ a b Indra Budiari (13 May 2016). "Betawi 'Pencak silat' lays low among locals". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ Nathalie Abigail Budiman (1 August 2015). "Betawi pencak silat adapts to modern times". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
- ^ Irawaty Wardany (23 August 2015). "Lebaran Betawi: An event to maintain bonds and traditions". The Jakarta Post. Jakarta.
- ^ Indah Setiawati (8 November 2013). "Weekly 5: A crash course in Betawi cuisine". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Bibliography
- Castles, Lance The Ethnic Profile of Jakarta, Indonesia vol. I, Ithaca: Cornell University April 1967
- Guinness, Patrick The attitudes and values of Betawi Fringe Dwellers in Djakarta, Berita Antropologi 8 (September), 1972, pp. 78–159
- Knoerr, Jacqueline Im Spannungsfeld von Traditionalität und Modernität: Die Orang Betawi und Betawi-ness in Jakarta, Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 128 (2), 2002, pp. 203–221
- Knoerr, Jacqueline Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft. Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag, 2007
- Saidi, Ridwan. Profil Orang Betawi: Asal Muasal, Kebudayaan, dan Adat Istiadatnya
- Shahab, Yasmine (ed.), Betawi dalam Perspektif Kontemporer: Perkembangan, Potensi, dan Tantangannya, Jakarta: LKB, 1997
- Wijaya, Hussein (ed.), Seni Budaya Betawi. Pralokarya Penggalian Dan Pengem¬bangannya, Jakarta: PT Dunia Pustaka Jaya, 1976