Balinese people
ᬳᬦᬓ᭄ᬩᬮᬶ (Ânak Bali) ᬯᭀᬂᬩᬮᬶ (Wång Bali) ᬓ᭄ᬭᬫᬩᬮᬶ (Krâma Bali) | |
---|---|
Total population | |
3,946,416 (2010 census)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
Indonesia | 3,946,416[2] |
Bali | 3,336,065 |
West Nusa Tenggara | 119,407 |
Central Sulawesi | 115,812 |
Lampung | 104,810 |
Southeast Sulawesi | 49,411 |
South Sumatra | 38,552 |
South Sulawesi | 27,330 |
Malaysia | 5,700[citation needed] |
Australia | 5,529[citation needed] |
United States | 200[citation needed] |
Languages | |
Native: Balinese Dialect: [3] Also: Indonesian Others: English, Dutch (historical)[4] | |
Religion | |
Majority Hinduism (95.22%) Minorities Islam (3.24%) • Christianity (1.26%) • Buddhism (0.26%) • Other (0.02%)[5] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Bali Aga, Nak Nusé , Javanese, Sundanese, Sasak, Betawi and other Austronesian peoples |
The Balinese people (
Origins
The Balinese originated from three periods of migration. The first waves of immigrants came from Java and
Genetics
A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al., found that 11% of Balinese
Culture
Balinese culture is a mix of Balinese Hindu-Buddhist religion and Balinese customs. It is perhaps most known for its dance, drama, and sculpture. The island is also known for its
The culture is noted for its use of the gamelan in music and various traditional events of Balinese society. Each type of music is designated for a specific type of event. For example, music for a piodalan (birthday celebration) is different from music used for a metatah (teeth grinding) ceremony, just as it is for weddings, Ngaben (cremation of the dead ceremony), Melasti (purification ritual), and so forth.[14] The diverse types of gamelan are also specified according to the different types of dance in Bali. According to Walter Spies, the art of dancing is an integral part of Balinese life as well as an endless critical element in a series of ceremonies or for personal interests.[15]
Traditionally, displaying female breasts is not considered immodest. Balinese women can often be seen with bared chests; however, a display of the thigh is considered immodest. In modern Bali, these customs are normally not strictly observed, but visitors to Balinese temples are advised to cover their legs.
In the Balinese naming system, a person's rank of birth or caste is reflected in the name.[16]
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Legong dance
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Balinese gamelan
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Balinese wood carver
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Balinese painting
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Balinese dancers, c. 1920–1940
Puputan
A puputan is an act of mass suicide through frontal assaults in battle and was first noted by the Dutch during the colonization of Bali. The latest act of puputan was during the Indonesian War of Independence, with Lt. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai as the leader in the Battle of Margarana. The airport in Bali is named after him in commemoration.[17]
Religion
Religions | Total |
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Balinese Hinduism | 3,736,993 |
Islam | 127,274 |
Christianity | 49,385 |
Buddhism | 10,378 |
Others | 615 |
Overall | 3,924,645 |
The vast majority of the Balinese believe in Agama Tirta, the "holy-water religion". It is a part of
Wet rice agriculture is a mainstay of Balinese food production. This system of agriculture is extremely water-intensive and requires a substantial network of irrigation to be effective as a subsistence strategy in Bali.[20] A system of irrigation networks (subak) exists to redistribute access to water in Bali. This network of both underground tunnels (weirs) and canals diverts water from natural water sources into the wet-rice cultivation fields utilized by Balinese farmers to grow their staple crops.[3]
The system of cooperative water redistribution is tied to religious and cultural practices among the Balinese and represents an economic system based on mutual obligation, and managed by the personnel of the water temples (Pura Tirta). Religious officials from these water temples exert spiritual and cultural pressure on the participants in this system and ensure its continuation.[21] These water temples are largely located at the loci of the irrigation networks and manage the distribution of water from the mountainous water sources of the island to lowland areas where water is too scarce for the natural cultivation of rice.[22]
There is evidence this system developed as early as the 11th century CE and has been in continuous use since that time.[23] Genetic evidence indicates that this system spread along kinship lines as the original farming villagers of Bali spread from areas where wet-rice farming originated to less climatically favorable areas of the island.[3] The cultural prestige of certain Pura Titra largely correlates to their position within the subak system, with temples located at major water sources having significant cultural influence. Royalty has associated themselves with major temples of this type, to link their prestige with that of the Pura Titra, and have taken part in the operations of water temples as a means of gaining influence in society.[24]
This system of physical infrastructure represents a durable network of belief that encourages its continuation by the people who participate and provides a levelling mechanism where people who would otherwise be incapable of participating in wet-rice agriculture to take part in the same subsistence activities as those who live in regions more naturally supportive of water-intensive crop growth.
Festivals
Balinese people celebrate multiple festivals, including the Kuta Carnival, the Sanur Village Festival, and the Bali Kite Festival,[25] where participants fly fish-, bird-, and leaf-shaped kites while an orchestra plays traditional music.
See also
References
- ^ Na'im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010). "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
- ISBN 978-979-064-417-5.
- ^ S2CID 4821372.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Aris Ananta; Evi Nurvidya Arifin; M Sairi Hasbullah; Nur Budi Handayani; Agus Pramono (2015). Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 273.
- ^ Ni Komang Erviani (17 December 2012). "Bali Faces Population Boom, Now Home to 4.2 Million Residents". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
- ISBN 978-81-261-3837-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7566-2878-9.
- ^ Karafet, Tatiana; Lansing, J.; Redd, Alan; Reznikova, Svetlana (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter- Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1). Article 8.
- ISBN 978-602-9402-07-0.
- ISBN 978-602-9402-07-0.
- ISBN 978-602-9402-07-0.
- ISBN 978-602-9402-07-0.
- OCLC 459249128.
- OCLC 459249128.
- ISBN 1-930618-09-3.
- ISBN 979-3790-12-1.
- ^ Aris Ananta, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, M Sairi Hasbullah, Nur Budi Handayani, Agus Pramono. Demography of Indonesia's Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2015. p. 273.
- ISBN 0-275-91720-7– via Internet Archive.
- S2CID 152677758.
- .
- JSTOR 681181.
- S2CID 146801718.
- JSTOR 3804046.
- ^ Tempo: Indonesia's Weekly News Magazine, Volume 7, Issues 9-16. Arsa Raya Perdana. 2006. p. 66.