Mandarese people

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Mandarese
Mandar people
ᨔᨘᨀᨘ ᨆᨊᨛᨉᨑᨛ
سوكو ماندار
Traditional Mandar Wedding at Mandar, West Sulawesi, 2011.
Total population
Approximately 1 million
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia
West Sulawesi565,225
South Sulawesi489,986
South Kalimantan49,322
East Kalimantan33,000
Languages
Mandar, Mamasa, Mamuju, Indonesian
Religion
Islam (predominantly)[1]
Related ethnic groups
  • Toraja

The Mandarese are an ethnic group in the

Toraja-Sa'dan language.[2]

Identity

Before there was a regional expansion, the Mandarese along with the

Toraja group (Mamasa Regency and part of Mamuju Regency), while at Pitu Ba'ba'na Binanga itself there are a variety of dialects and languages.[5] The strength of these fourteen kingdoms complement each other and the term Sipamandar (meaning, brotherhood and unification of the Mandarese community)[6]
as one people through a covenant that was sworn by their ancestors at Allewuang Batu in Luyo.

History

The Mandarese are made up of seventeen kingdoms. Seven upstream kingdoms which are called Pitu Ulunna Salu, seven estuary kingdoms that are known as Pitu Ba'bana Binanga and three kingdoms that are called Kakarunna Tiparittiqna Uhai.[7]

The seven kingdoms that merged in the Pitu Ulunna Salu Alliance region are:[4]

  • Rante Bulahang Kingdom
  • Aralle Kingdom
  • Tabulahang Kingdom
  • Mambi Kingdom
  • Matangnga Kingdom
  • Tabang Kingdom
  • Bambang Kingdom

The seven kingdoms that merged in the Pitu Baqbana Binanga Alliance region are:[3]

  • Balanipa Kingdom
  • Sendana Kingdom
  • Banggae Kingdom
  • Pamboang Kingdom
  • Tapalang Kingdom
  • Mamuju Kingdom
  • Benuang Kingdom

The three kingdoms that called Kakaruanna Tiparittiqna Uhai in the Lembang Mapi region are:[8][9]

  • Alu Kingdom
  • Tuqbi Kingdom
  • Taramanuq Kingdom

The upstream kingdoms are well versed with the conditions of the mountains while the estuary kingdoms are experienced with the conditions of the ocean. With the boundaries on the south which borders

Straits of Makassar
.

Throughout the history of Mandar kingdoms, many notable freedom fighters arose against the Dutch East Indies such as Imaga Daeng Rioso, Puatta I Sa'adawang, Maradia Banggae,[10] Ammana Iwewang,[11] Andi Depu,[12] Mara'dia Batulaya and so forth, although later regions occupied by the Mandarese was successfully captured by the Dutch East Indies. From the zeal of the Mandarese which is referred as "the spirit of Assimandarang" until later in 2004 the Mandar region became recognized as a province in Indonesia as West Sulawesi.

Social structure

The Mandarese people are dominated by the vestiges of traditional relations. Feudal nobility, including royal rulers of the past mara'dia (prince), participates with the administrative and governmental system.[13]

However, the following interesting trend was observed in Mandarese society is that many women left their traditional work at the loom and began to engage in the fish trade instead.[14]

Culture

In Mandarese culture, they are quite similar to the Bugis people. They engage in fisheries by exporting dried, salted or fermented fish[15] and also in agriculture by cultivating coconut palm, dried rice, coffee, tobacco, as well as forestry. It is believed that the Mandarese people are some of the best sailors in Sulawesi,[16] who serve in the sea transportation sector.

A traditional musical instrument is a two-stringed

Kota Baru Regency, the Mandarese practice the Mappando'esasi (Sea bathing) ceremony.[21] Traditional food such as Jepa,[22]
Pandeangang Peapi, Banggulung Tapa and so on are Mandarese specialty.

The Mandarese are predominantly Muslim. The Mandarese adopted Islam in the early 17th century.[23]

References

  1. ISBN 9789814414562
    . Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  2. ISBN 978-0-8442-9906-8
    .
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-924304-48-4
    .
  4. ^ a b Drs. Abd. Muis Mandra. "Pitu Ulunna Salu, Adaq Tuo (Hukum Hidup)". Kampung Mandar. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  5. OCLC 572001383
    .
  6. ISBN 978-97-936-7384-4
    .
  7. ISBN 978-979-9100-27-6
    .
  8. ^ Drs. Abd. Muis Mandra. "Paliliq Massedang, wilayah Tiparittiqna Uhai Mandar". Kampung Mandar. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  9. ^ "Kerajaan Alu". Arekindo. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  10. ISBN 97-932-7432-8
    .
  11. OCLC 212205023
    .
  12. OCLC 29430243
    .
  13. OCLC 23943078
    .
  14. doi:10.1525/ae.1994.21.3.02a00060
    .
  15. ISBN 978-13-518-4660-8
    .
  16. ISBN 978-17-867-1031-4
    .
  17. ISSN 0740-1558
    .
  18. ^ Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal (2005). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 161. M. Nijhoff.
  19. ^ "Sayang Pattudu Tarian Kuda Khas Sulawesi Barat". Pesona Mandar. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  20. ^ Hariandi Hafid (30 July 2017). "Horst H. Liebner, berguru tradisi maritim hingga ke Sulawesi". Beritagar. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  21. ^ Fadjeriansyah (13 March 2014). Rian (ed.). "Pesta Mapandaoesasi Kurang Perhatian". Gema Saijaan. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  22. ^ Fauzan (29 January 2017). "Nikmatnya Buka Pagi dengan Roti Singkong dan Ikan Tuing-Tuing". Liputan6. Retrieved 2018-09-09.
  23. ISBN 978-981-4414-56-2
    .
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