Mating

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about sexual reproduction. For the mating of mechanical components, see Engineering fit. For the 1991 American novel, see Mating (novel).

Blue-tailed damselflies
(Ischnura elegans) mating

In

amphibians, fishes and plants. For most species, mating is between two individuals of opposite sexes. However, for some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not required because the parent organism is capable of self-fertilization (autogamy); for example, banana slugs
.

The term mating is also applied to related processes in bacteria,

mating systems
).

Animals

Main article: Animal sexual behaviour
See also: Copulation (zoology) and Human mating strategies

For animals, mating strategies include

random mating, disassortative mating, assortative mating, or a mating pool. In some birds, it includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of mating and artificially inseminating domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry
.

In some

sternites on the second abdominal segment; in spiders, it is the male pedipalps). In advanced groups of insects, the male uses its aedeagus, a structure formed from the terminal segments of the abdomen, to deposit sperm directly (though sometimes in a capsule called a "spermatophore
") into the female's reproductive tract.

Other animals reproduce sexually with external fertilization, including many

placental mammals copulate by inserting the male's penis into the female's vagina.[2][3]

In domesticated animals there are various type of mating methods being employed to mate animals like Pen Mating (when female is moved to the desired male into a pen) or paddock mating (where one male is let loose in the paddock with several females).

Plants and fungi

Main articles:
Mating systems § In plants, Mating in fungi, and Mating of yeast

Like in animals, mating in other Eukaryotes, such as plants and

diploid.[5]

Protists

Protists are a large group of diverse

sex pheromones including the protist Blepharisma japonicum. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, Dacks and Roger[7]
proposed that facultative sex was present in the common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

However, to many biologists it seemed unlikely until recently, that mating and sex could be a primordial and fundamental characteristic of eukaryotes. A principal reason for this view was that mating and sex appeared to be lacking in certain

Giardia intestinalis was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and sex. However, G. intestinalis was recently found to have a core set of genes that function in meiosis and that are widely present among sexual eukaryotes.[8] These results suggested that G. intestinalis is capable of meiosis and thus mating and sexual reproduction. Furthermore, direct evidence for meiotic recombination, indicative of mating and sexual reproduction, was also found in G. intestinalis.[9] Other protists for which evidence of mating and sexual reproduction has recently been described are parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania,[10] Trichomonas vaginalis,[11] and acanthamoeba.[12]

Protists generally reproduce asexually under favorable environmental conditions, but tend to reproduce sexually under stressful conditions, such as starvation or heat shock.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Free Dictionary. "'Fertilization' – definition of". Farlex, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  2. ISBN 978-1-108-69949-5
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7. Archived
    from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  4. ^ "What are yeasts?". Yeast Virtual Library. 13 September 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2009.
  5. PMID 16339736
    .
  6. S2CID 205018792
    .
  7. S2CID 9441768
    .
  8. S2CID 17013247
    .
  9. S2CID 15991722
    .
  10. PMID 19359589
    .
  11. PMID 18663385
    .
  12. PMID 25800982
    .
  13. ^ Fowler, Samantha; Roush, Rebecca; Wise, James (2013). "Chapter 13: Diversity of Microbes, Fungi, and Protists". Concepts of Biology. OpenStax. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2020.

External links

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