Middle Eastern philosophy
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Middle Eastern philosophy includes the various philosophies of the Middle East regions, including the Fertile Crescent and Iran. Traditions include Ancient Egyptian philosophy, Babylonian philosophy, Christian philosophy, Jewish philosophy, Iranian/Persian philosophy, and Islamic philosophy.
Mesopotamian philosophy
The origins of
It is possible that Babylonian philosophy had an influence on
Ancient Egyptian philosophy
Egyptian philosophy began with development of its ancient cosmology. By 1,000 B.C. philosophers were already proposing four constituent elements in the universe, namely: mist, earth, fire, and water.[3] This formed the basis of their investigations of the heaven and the earth.[3] A tradition of Holism emerged out of this development. It addressed the ontological question: What exists?[4] Egyptian thinkers joined spirit and matter so that humans were not separated from animals and even gods.[5] For this reason, priests also functioned as philosophers, astronomers, architects, and healers.[6]
There are scholars who cite that the ancient Egyptian philosophy influenced ancient Greek philosophy.[7] Greek philosophers such as Plato and Pythagoras either went on pilgrimages in Egypt or received their training there.[7][8] Pythagoras, particularly, established a philosophical school based on the Mystery School of ancient Egypt, where he spent training for more than two decades.[6] This philosophy is rooted on Egyptian metaphysics that embraced the heavens and the earth in a sweeping unity.[6]
Ancient Iranian philosophy
See also
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is a
The teachings of
The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on
Manichaeism
Mazdakism
The religious and philosophical teaching called Mazdakism, which its founder, Mazdak, regarded as a reformed and purified version of Zoroastrianism[17][18] displays remarkable influences from Manichaeism as well.[17]
Zurvanism
Zurvanism is characterized by the element of its first principle, which is time (Zurvan), as a primordial creator. According to Zaehner, Zurvanism appears to have three schools of thought, all with classical Zurvanism as a foundation: aesthetic, materialist, and fatalistic.
Aesthetic Zurvanism
Aesthetic Zurvanism—apparently not as popular as the materialistic kind—viewed Zurvan as undifferentiated time, which, under the influence of desire, divided reason (a male principle) and concupiscence (a female principle).
Materialist Zurvanism
While Zoroaster's Ormuzd created the universe with his thought, materialist Zurvanism challenged the concept that anything could be made out of nothing.
Fatalistic Zurvanism
Fatalistic Zurvanism resulted from the doctrine of limited time with the implication that nothing could change this preordained course of the material universe and that the path of the astral bodies of the 'heavenly sphere' was representative of this preordained course. According to the Middle Persian work Menog-i Khrad: "Ohrmazd allotted happiness to man, but if man did not receive it, it was owing to the extortion of these planets."
Hellenistic philosophy
Abrahamic traditions
Jewish philosophy
Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, both within their original homeland and in the diaspora.
Christian philosophy
- Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy
- Neoplatonism and Christianity
- Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
Islamic philosophy
Early Islamic philosophy
The rise of
The
Other schools of philosophy were centered on the works of individual authors during the Islamic Golden Age, with Averroism[19] and Avicennism being two of the most prominent such schools.
Contemporary Islamic philosophy
Baháʼí philosophy
See also
- Babylonian literature: Philosophy
- Early Islamic philosophy
- Modern Islamic philosophy
References
- ^ Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 (1), p. 35-47.
- ^ Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", Journal of the American Oriental Society 101 (1), p. 35-47 [43].
- ^ ISBN 978-94-6091-480-5.
- S2CID 143591244.
- ISBN 978-90-04-36660-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4441-2918-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-9966-082-96-1.
- ISBN 978-1-62793-015-4.
- ^ Mary Boyce: "The Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
- ^ Jalal-e-din Ashtiyani. "Zarathushtra, Mazdayasna and Governance".
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(help) - ^ JSTOR 3269345.
- ^ Alan Williams: "Later Zoroastrianism" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
- ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
- ^ A. D. Nock (1929), "Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 49 (1), p. 111-116 [111].
- ISBN 0-595-23199-3.
- ^ A. D. Nock (1929), "Studien zum antiken Synkretismus aus Iran und Griechenland by R. Reitzenstein, H. H. Schaeder, Fr. Saxl", The Journal of Hellenic Studies 49 (1), p. 111-116.
- ^ a b Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. p.995-997
- ^ Shaki, Mansour. 1985. The cosmogonical and cosmological teachings of Mazdak. Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, Acta Iranica 25, Leiden, 1985, pp. 527-43.
- ISBN 1-85168-269-4.
- ^ Kluge, Ian (2009). Some Answered Questions: A Philosophical Perspective, in Lights of Irfan, Volume 10.
Sources
- Printed sources
- Bowker, John (2000), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press
- Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
- Georgis, Faris (2010), Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America, Dorrance Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4349-0951-0
- Lockard, Craig A. (2007), Societies, Networks, and Transitions. Volume I: to 1500, Cengage Learning, ISBN 978-0618386123
- Web-sources