Outline of philosophy
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logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.
The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6]
Branches of philosophy
The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy are as follows.
Aesthetics
Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth.
Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge.
- Social epistemology – inquiry into the social aspects of knowledge.
- Formal epistemology – the application of formal models to study knowledge.
- Metaepistemology – studying the foundations of epistemology itself.
Ethics
value and morality
.
- Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life.
- Bioethics – analysis of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine.
- Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography.
- Medical ethics – studies ethical issues concerning medicine and medical research
- Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism
- Discourse ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language
- Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act
- Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments
Logic
Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reasoning.
Also regarded as the separate formal science
- Classical logic
- Propositional logic
- First-order logic
- Second-order logic
- Higher-order logic
- Non-classical logic
- Description logic
- Digital logic
- Fuzzy logic
- Intuitionistic logic
- Many-valued logic
- Modal logic
- Alethic logic
- Deontic logic
- Doxastic logic
- Epistemic logic
- Temporal logic
- Paraconsistent logic
- Substructural logic
- Metalogic
Metaphysics
Metaphysics – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it.
- Cosmology – the study of the nature and origins of the universe.
- Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
- Meta-ontology – study of the ontological foundations of ontology itself.
- Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time.
Other
- Metaphilosophy
- Phenomenology
- Philosophy of action
- Philosophy of education
- Philosophy of history
- Philosophy of language
- Philosophy of law
- Philosophy of mathematics
- Philosophy of mind
- Philosophy of religion
- Philosophy of science
- Political philosophy
- Pragmatism
Philosophic traditions by region
Regional variations of philosophy.
Africana philosophy
Eastern philosophy
- Chinese philosophy
- Indian philosophy
- Indonesian philosophy
- Japanese philosophy
- Korean philosophy
- Vietnamese philosophy
Middle Eastern Philosophy
- Iranian philosophy
- Pakistani philosophy
- Turkish philosophy
Indigenous American philosophy
Western philosophy
- American philosophy
- Australian philosophy
- British philosophy
- Canadian philosophy
- Czech philosophy
- Danish philosophy
- Dutch philosophy
- French philosophy
- Greek philosophy
- German philosophy
- Italian philosophy
- Maltese philosophy
- Polish philosophy
- Romanian philosophy
- Russian philosophy
- Scottish philosophy
- Slovene philosophy
- Spanish philosophy
- Yugoslav philosophy
History of philosophy
The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space.
Timeline of philosophy
- 11th century in philosophy
- 12th century in philosophy
- 13th century in philosophy
- 14th century in philosophy
- 15th century in philosophy
- 16th century in philosophy
- 17th century in philosophy
- 18th century in philosophy
- 19th-century philosophy
- 20th-century philosophy
Ancient and classical philosophy
Philosophies during ancient history.
Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
- Pre-Socratic philosophy
- Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
- Xenophanes
- Pythagoreanism
- Heraclitus
- Eleatics - Parmenides, Zeno, and Melissus
- Pluralists - Empedocles and Anaxagoras
- Atomists - Leucippus, Democritus
- Sophists
- Classical Greek philosophy
- Hellenistic philosophy
- Academic skepticism
- Middle Academy
- New Academy
- Epicureanism
- Pyrrhonism
- Stoicism
- Academic skepticism
- Ancient Roman philosophy
Classical Chinese philosophy
Classical Indian philosophy
Medieval and post-classical philosophy
Philosophies during post-classical history.
Christian philosophy
Islamic philosophy
Jewish philosophy
Post-classical Chinese philosophy
Modern and contemporary philosophy
Philosophies during the modern era.
Renaissance philosophy
- Renaissance humanism
- Renaissance Jewish philosophy
- Machiavellianism
- Neostoicism
- Ramism
- School of Salamanca
Early modern philosophy
Contemporary philosophy
- Analytic philosophy
- Continental philosophy
- Contemporary Asian philosophy
- Contemporary Islamic philosophy
- Traditionalist School
Philosophical schools of thought
Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts.
Aesthetical movements
Epistemological stances
- Coherentism
- Constructivist epistemology
- Contextualism
- Embodied cognition
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Holism
- Infinitism
- Innatism
- Internalism and externalism
- Logical positivism
- Naïve realism
- Naturalized epistemology
- Objectivist epistemology
- Phenomenalism
- Positivism
- Reductionism
- Reformed epistemology
- Reliabilism
- Representative realism
- Rationalism
- Situated cognition
- Skepticism
- Theory of Forms
- Transcendental idealism
- Uniformitarianism
Ethical theories
- Consequentialism
- Deontology
- Virtue ethics
- Moral realism
- Moral relativism
- Error theory
- Non-cognitivism
- Ethical egoism
- Cultural relativism
- Evolutionary ethics
- Evolution of morality
- Face-to-face
Logical systems
- Classical logic
- Intermediate logic
- Intuitionistic logic
- Minimal logic
- Relevant logic
- Affine logic
- Linear logic
- Ordered logic
- Dialetheism
Metaphysical stances
- Absurdism
- Anti-realism
- Cartesian dualism
- Free will
- Materialism
- Meaning of life
- Idealism
- Existentialism
- Essentialism
- Libertarianism
- Determinism
- Compatibilism
- Naturalism
- Monism
- Platonic idealism
- Hindu idealism
- Phenomenalism
- Nihilism
- Realism
- Physicalism
- MOQ
- Relativism
- Scientific realism
- Solipsism
- Subjectivism
- Objectivism
- Substance theory
- Type theory
- Emergentism
- Emanationism
Political philosophies
- Anarchism
- Authoritarianism
- Conservatism
- Fascism
- Liberalism
- Libertarianism
- Social democracy
- Socialism
- Communism
Philosophy of language theories and stances
- Causal theory of reference
- Contrast theory of meaning
- Contrastivism
- Conventionalism
- Cratylism
- Deconstruction
- Descriptivist theory of names
- Direct reference theory
- Dramatism
- Expressivism
- Linguistic determinism
- Logical atomism
- Mediated reference theory
- Nominalism
- Non-cognitivism
- Phallogocentrism
- Quietism
- Relevance theory
- Semantic externalism
- Semantic holism
- Structuralism
- Supposition theory
- Symbiosism
- Theological noncognitivism
- Theory of descriptions
- Verification theory
Philosophy of mind theories and stances
- Behaviourism
- Biological naturalism
- Consciousness
- Disjunctivism
- Dualism
- Eliminative materialism
- Emergent materialism
- Enactivism
- Epiphenomenalism
- Functionalism
- Identity theory
- Idealism
- Interactionism
- Materialism
- Monism
- Neutral monism
- Panpsychism
- Phenomenalism
- Phenomenology
- Physicalism
- Property dualism
- Representational theory of mind
- Sense datum theory
- Solipsism
- Substance dualism
- Qualia theory
Philosophy of religion stances
- Theories of religion
- Acosmism
- Agnosticism
- Animism
- Antireligion
- Atheism
- Dharmism
- Deism
- Divine command theory
- Dualistic cosmology
- Esotericism
- Exclusivism
- Existentialism
- Christian
- Agnostic
- Atheist
- Feminist theology
- Fideism
- Fundamentalism
- Gnosticism
- Henotheism
- Humanism
- Inclusivism
- Monism
- Monotheism
- Mysticism
- Naturalism
- Metaphysical
- Religious
- Humanistic
- New Age
- Nondualism
- Nontheism
- Pandeism
- Pantheism
- Perennialism
- Polytheism
- Process theology
- Spiritualism
- Shamanism
- Taoic
- Theism
- Transcendentalism
Philosophy of science theories and stances
- Confirmation holism
- Coherentism
- Contextualism
- Conventionalism
- Deductive-nomological model
- Determinism
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Hypothetico-deductive model
- Infinitism
- Instrumentalism
- Positivism
- Pragmatism
- Rationalism
- Received view of theories
- Reductionism
- Semantic view of theories
- Scientific realism
- Scientism
- Scientific anti-realism
- Skepticism
- Uniformitarianism
- Vitalism
Philosophical literature
- Blackwell Companion to Philosophy
- A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell
- A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston
Reference works
- Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically orderedarticles.
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
- scholarly articles.
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
- ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2.
- Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
- Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
- International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
- History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
- A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
- History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
- Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
- Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
- A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
- History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
- Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
- Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
- Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
- Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
- A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
- History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
- History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
- A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
- Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
- Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
- Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
- Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Archived from the original on 24 April 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2005.
- Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
- Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, eds. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
- Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
- Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
- Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
- ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1
General introduction
- Aristotle (1941). Richard McKeon (ed.). The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House.
- Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
- ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
- Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
- ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
- Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
- ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
- ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
- ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
- Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
- Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
- Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
- ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6
Topical introductions
African
- Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8
Eastern
- A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
- Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
- Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
- Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
- Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
- Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5
Islamic
- Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
- Leaman, Oliver (2000-04-14). A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
- ISBN 978-1-135-19888-6.
- Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 December 2013). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6.
Historical introductions
General
- ISBN 978-5-01-000506-1. Archived from the original(DjVu, etc.) on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 20 January 2011. First published in Russian as Главные философские направления.
- ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
- ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
- Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (1st ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2011. First published in Russian as Проблемы историко-философской науки.
Ancient
- Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4
Medieval
- The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
- Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
- Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21273-3.
Modern and contemporary
- The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
- European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
- Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
- Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
- ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
- ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
- Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
- ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
- Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2
Lists
- List of important publications in philosophy
- List of philosophy awards
- Lists of philosophers
- Index of philosophy
- Index of philosophy of science articles
- Timeline of Western philosophers
- Timeline of Eastern philosophers
- Unsolved problems in philosophy
See also
- Outline of ethics
- Outline of logic
- Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence
References
- ^ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
- A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
- ^ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
- ^ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.).
External links
Philosophy at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
- PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
- Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
- Guide to Philosophy on the Internet
- The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- The Ism Book
- Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners)
- Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
- The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy