Nördlinger Ries

Coordinates: 48°53′N 10°34′E / 48.883°N 10.567°E / 48.883; 10.567
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For human settlement within the Nördlinger Ries region, see Donau-Ries.
Nördlinger Ries
Relief map of Nördlinger Ries
Impact crater/structure
ConfidenceConfirmed
Diameter24 km (15 mi)
Age14.808 ± 0.038 Ma, Middle Miocene
ExposedYes
DrilledYes
Bolide typeAchondrite
Location
Coordinates48°53′N 10°34′E / 48.883°N 10.567°E / 48.883; 10.567
CountryGermany
StateBavaria and Baden-Württemberg
DistrictDonau-Ries
MunicipalityNördlingen
Nördlinger Ries is located in Germany
Nördlinger Ries
Location of the crater in Germany

The Nördlinger Ries is an impact crater[1] and large circular depression in western Bavaria and eastern Baden-Württemberg. It is located north of the Danube in the district of Donau-Ries. The city of Nördlingen is located within the depression, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south-west of its centre.

Etymology

"Ries" is derived from

Raetians lived in the area in pre-Roman times.[2][3]

Description

View of Nördlinger Ries
Suevite from Nördlinger Ries

The depression is a meteorite impact crater formed 14.808 ± 0.038 million years ago in the Miocene.[4][5] The crater is most commonly referred to simply as Ries crater or the Ries. The original crater rim had an estimated diameter of 24 km (15 mi). The present floor of the depression is about 100 to 150 m (330 to 490 ft) below the eroded remains of the rim.

It was originally assumed that the Ries was of

Eugene Shoemaker and Edward C. T. Chao showed that the depression was caused by meteorite impact.[6] The key evidence was the presence of coesite, which, in unmetamorphosed rocks, can only be formed by the shock pressures associated with meteorite impact. The coesite was found in suevite from Otting quarry,[7][6] but even before, Shoemaker was encouraged by St. George's Church in Nördlingen, which is built of locally derived suevite.[7] The suevite was formed from mesozoic sediments shocked by the bolide impact.[8][9][10]

The Ries impact crater was a rampart crater, thus far a unique finding on Earth.[11] Rampart craters have almost exclusively been found on Mars. Rampart craters exhibit a fluidized ejecta flow after impact of the meteorite, most simply compared to a bullet fired into mud, with the ejecta resembling a mudflow.

Another impact crater, the much smaller (3.8 km (2.4 mi) diameter) Steinheim crater,[12] is located about 42 km (26 mi) west-southwest from the center of Ries. It had previously been thought that the two craters formed simultaneously by the impact of a binary asteroid 14.8 million years ago, but a study published in 2020 suggests that Steinheim could actually be about 500,000 years younger than Nördlinger Ries.[13]

Recent computer modeling of the impact event indicates that the impactors probably had diameters of about 1.5 km (4,900 ft) (Ries) and 150 m (490 ft) (Steinheim), had a pre-impact separation of some tens of kilometers, and impacted the target area at an angle around 30 to 50 degrees from the surface in a west-southwest to east-northeast direction. The impact velocity is thought to have been about 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph). The resulting explosion had the power of 1.8 million

Hiroshima bombs, an energy of roughly 2.4×1021 joules
.

The Ries crater impact event is believed to be the source of

west-southwest.[15]

Stone buildings in Nördlingen contain millions of tiny diamonds, all less than 0.2 mm (0.008 in) across. The impact that caused the Nördlinger Ries crater created an estimated 72,000 tonnes (72,000,000 kg) of them when it impacted a local graphite deposit. Stone from this area was quarried and used to build the local buildings.[16]

Archaeology

On one edge of the Nördlinger Ries are the Ofnet Caves, where, at the beginning of the 20th century, archaeologists discovered thirty-three human skulls dating to the Mesolithic period.[17]

Astronaut training

The landing site for

Eugene Cernan and Joe Engle, trained here from August 10 to August 14, 1970.[19]

References

  1. ^ J. Baier: Geohistorische Bemerkungen zur Suevit-Forschung (Ries-Impakt). Geohistorische Blätter, 31(1/2), Berlin 2020.
  2. ^ "37 Ries" (PDF). Entwurf einer kulturlandschaftlichen Gliederung Bayerns als Beitrag zur Biodiversität. Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-12.
  3. JSTOR 2918785
    .
  4. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2017.09.036
    .
  5. S2CID 214304156
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.1029/JZ066i010p03371
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 9781101133224
    .
  8. ISBN 978-3-86544-162-1
    .
  9. ISBN 978-3-86544-172-0
    .
  10. ^ Baier, Johannes (2012). "Die Bedeutung von Wasser während der Suevit-Bildung (Ries-Impakt, Deutschland". Jber. Mitt. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver. (in German). 94: 55–69.
  11. doi:10.1130/G33934.1
    .
  12. ^ Baier, Johannes; Scherzinger, Armin (2010). "Der neue Geologische Lehrpfad im Steinheimer Impakt-Krater". Jber. Mitt. Oberrhein. Geol. Ver (in German). 92: 9–24.
  13. PMID 33335157
    .
  14. S2CID 11282087
    .
  15. PMID 33811229
    .
  16. ISBN 0-19-850341-5
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0521347945
    .
  18. ISBN 978-3-319-65177-4
    .
  19. ^ Phinney, William (2015). Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts. NASA SP-2015-626. p. 237.

External links

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