Slate Islands (Ontario)

Coordinates: 48°39′N 87°00′W / 48.65°N 87°W / 48.65; -87
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Slate Islands
Slate Islands is located in Ontario
Slate Islands
Slate Islands
Location within Ontario
Geography
Coordinates48°39′N 87°00′W / 48.65°N 87°W / 48.65; -87
Adjacent toLake Superior
Total islands15
Major islandsPatterson, Mortimer
Area36 km2 (14 sq mi)
Administration
Canada
ProvinceOntario
DistrictThunder Bay
MunicipalityTerrace Bay

The Slate Islands are a small archipelago in Lake Superior, Ontario, Canada, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of the town of Terrace Bay. The island group, consisting of 15 islands in total, was created by a meteorite impact which formed a crater about 32 km (20 mi) wide.[1] In 1985, the Ontario government established the Slate Islands as a natural environment provincial park. The islands are notable for having Ontario's largest herd of boreal woodland caribou.[2]

Geography

The island group consists of two main islands (Patterson and Mortimer), five minor islands (McColl, Edmonds, Bowes, Delaute and Dupuis islands) and numerous islets.[3]

The total surface area is about 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi).

The nearby Leadman Group of islands, about one kilometre (0.6 mi) east, is often considered part of the Slate Islands. This group includes Leadman, Cape, Spar and Fish Islands.[3]

Human history

McGreevy Harbour, Slate Islands, was once used as a staging area for logs during the logging boom of the 1930s

Human sites have been found on the islands dating to about 1000CE.[4]

A lighthouse was built on Patterson Island, the largest island, in 1903 to help ships locate the harbour at the nearby town of Jackfish, Ontario. The island is named after William Patterson, a former lieutenant-governor of Saskatchewan. Later, a fishing station was built on McColl Island.

The original forests on the islands were modified by logging and

pulp mills in the United States
.

In 1985, the Slate Islands were protected as an Ontario Natural Environment Provincial Park. The islands remoteness is enforced by almost 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) of open, wild, Lake Superior water and its distance from any large communities. It is frequented by naturalists, fishing parties, sailors exploring this Great Lake, and recently by an increasing number of sea kayaking parties.[3]

Fauna

The islands are home to woodland

caribou which migrated by ice bridge from the mainland most recently in 1907.[5] They have been studied extensively from 1974 to 2007 by Dr. A.T. (Tom) Bergerud. The caribou are a classic example of island biogeography in action; the islands are notable for species that are absent but present on the adjacent mainland (red squirrel, moose, white-tailed deer, and grouse). No ungulates were present on the islands until the caribou arrived in the early 1900s while predators have been present only sporadically. Caribou reached the highest population density in the world on the islands before the 1990s, with the herd estimated at 650 animals.[6] After a food shortage and die-off in 1990, the numbers were reduced to about 100.[6] In 2012 there were about 200 caribou on the Slate Islands.[7] Wolves
reached the archipelago in the early 1990s, preying heavily on the caribou, but for reasons not entirely understood, they disappeared a few years later. Wolves are again present on the island since winter 2015/16 (or earlier) as evidenced by aerial observation and scat.

The waters surrounding the Slate Islands have been protected from commercial fishing to preserve one of the last native stocks of lake trout in Lake Superior. The Islands have been a source of lake trout brood stock used at the Dorion Fish Hatchery, and fingerlings are planted back to Lake Superior to restore the fishery.

Species

Mammals found on the islands include woodland caribou, grey wolf,

beaver, muskrat, snowshoe hare, red fox, meadow jumping mouse, and little brown bat.[3]

Bird species include

grey jay, herring gull, red-breasted merganser, and peregrine falcon.[3]

Amphibians present include blue-spotted salamander, boreal chorus frog, Cope's gray treefrog, western American toad, northern spring peeper, and wood frog.[3]

Flora

Saxifraga paniculata, growing at Williams Point in the Slate Islands

The cooling effect of

alpine bistort, an Inuit delicacy eaten with seal oil.[2]
These arctic disjuncts are reminders of ice ages and associated tundra conditions in this area in the past.

Vascular plants found on the islands are:[3]

  • balsam fir
    (Abies balsamea)
  • black spruce
    (Picea mariana)
  • eastern white cedar
    (Thuja occidentalis)
  • northern mountain ash
    (Sorbus decora)
  • quaking aspen
    (Populus tremuloides)
  • white birch
    (Betula papyrifera)
  • alpine bistort
    (Bistorta vivipara)
  • alpine chickweed (Cerastium alpinum)
  • alpine cliff fern
    (Woodsia alpina)
  • alpine sedge
    (Carex glacialis)
  • American dune grass
    (Leymus mollis)
  • American mountain-ash
    (Sorbus americana)
  • Appalachian fir-clubmoss (Huperzia appalachiana)
  • beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus)
  • bird's-eye primrose (Primula mistassinica)
  • black crowberry
    (Empetrum nigrum)
  • butterwort
    (Pinguicula spp.)
    • common butterwort
      (Pinguicula vulgaris)
  • Canadian yew
    (Taxus canadensis)
  • creeping snowberry (Gaultheria hispidula)
  • cut-leaved anemone (Anemone multifida)
  • devil's club (Oplopanax horridus)
  • dwarf rattlesnake plantain
    (Goodyera repens)
  • entire-leaved mountain-avens
    (Dryas integrifolia)
  • goldie's round-leaved orchid (Platanthera macrophylla)
  • goldthread (Coptis trifolia)
  • heartleaf twayblade
    (Listera cordata)
  • horned dandelion (Taraxacum ceratophorum)
  • knotted pearlwort
    (Sagina nodosa)
  • Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum)
  • lady fern (Athryium felix-femina)
  • large-leaved sandwort
    (Moehringia macrophylla)
  • leafy lichen (Peltigera spp.)
  • low spike-moss
    (Selaginella selaginoides)
  • moonwort grape-fern
    (Botrychium lunnaria)
  • mountain avens/yellow dryas (Dryas drummondii)
  • mountain bladder fern
    (Cystopteris montana)
  • mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
  • mountain clubmoss
    (Huperzia selago)
  • mountain fir-moss (Huperzia appalachiana)
  • northern meadow sedge
    (Carex praticola)
  • northern white anemone
    (Anemone parviflora)
  • old man’s beard (Usnea spp.)
  • prairie spikemoss
    (Selaginella densa)
  • prickly rose
    (Rosa acicularis)
  • rand's goldenrod (Solidago simplex ssp. randii)
  • red stemmed feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi)
  • reindeer lichen (Cladonia rangiferina)
  • rock tripe (Umbilicaria spp.)
  • rose twisted stalk (Roseus streptosus)
  • roundleaf shadbush (Amelanchier sanguinea)
  • scirpus sedge (Carex scirpus)
  • smooth woodsia (Woodsia glabella)
  • sphagnum moss (Sphagnum spp.)
  • spike trisetum (Trisetum spicatum)
  • stair-step moss (Hylocomium splendens)
  • viviparous knotweed (Polygonum viviparum)
  • white mountain-saxifrage (Saxifraga paniculata)
  • wild chives (Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum)
  • wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis)

Geology

shatter cone
located in McGreevy Harbour, Slate Islands

The islands are not made of

Gunflint formations, approximately 1.85-2.10 billion years old. There is evidence that about 1.1 billion years ago, there was volcanic centre on Paterson Island, however almost all volcanic rocks have been removed by erosion.[9]

The youngest rocks are diatremes, referring to breccia-filled volcanic pipes that were formed by gaseous explosions. They occur as dikes or sills which criss-cross the all older rocks types.[9]

Also located in the islands are good examples of

shatter cones
, rare geological features formed in bedrock by the high velocity shock waves created by meteorite impacts. They have a distinctively conical shape with thin grooves (striae) that radiate from the top (apex) of the cone. The Slate Islands are home to a shatter cone measuring 9 m (30 ft), one of the largest examples in the world (pictured here).

Allogenic breccia is present, notably on the east and north sides of the islands.

Impact crater

The Slate Islands mark the centre of a large

Rock Elm crater in Wisconsin.[13]

Provincial park

Slate Islands Provincial Park
LocationLake Superior
Nearest cityTerrace Bay
Coordinates48°39′32″N 87°00′12″W / 48.65889°N 87.00333°W / 48.65889; -87.00333[14]
Area6,570 ha (25.4 sq mi)[15]
DesignationNatural environment
Established1985
Governing bodyOntario Parks
www.ontarioparks.com/park/slateislands

The Slate Islands Provincial Park was established in 1985 to protect the biodiversity and provincially significant elements of the natural and cultural landscape, and to maintain the islands' ecology by controlling development and focusing recreational use.[15]

While it is a non-operating park, some facilities are available, such as a dock, warm-up shelter, and five backcountry campsites. Permitted activities include boating, camping, canoeing, fishing, and hiking.[15] It is only accessible via boat or floatplane.

References

  1. ^ Sharpton, Dressler, (1996), p. 1177
  2. ^ a b Chisholm & Gutsche 1998, p. 180.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Slate Islands Provincial Park Management Plan (2018)". Ontario.ca. Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  4. ^ Chisholm & Gutsche 1998, p. 178.
  5. ^ "Slate Islands Provincial Park". terracebay.ca. Township of Terrace Bay. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  6. ^ a b Godwin (1996), p. 3
  7. ^ Creech, David (27 May 2012), Woodland Caribou of the Slate Islands, retrieved 22 January 2014
  8. ^ a b Pye (1997), p. 83
  9. ^ a b Pye (1997), p. 84
  10. ^ "Slate Islands". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  11. ^ "ILSG Slate Islands trip". Retrieved 30 March 2008.
  12. ^ Sharpton, Dressler, (1996), p. 1178
  13. Washington Post
    . Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  14. ^ "Slate Islands Provincial Park". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  15. ^ a b c "Slate Islands". www.ontarioparks.com. Ontario Parks. Retrieved 6 October 2021.

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slate Islands (Lake Superior).
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