New York-class battleship

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New York, the lead ship of the class, shortly after entering service in 1915
Class overview
NameNew York-class battleship
Builders
Operators United States Navy
Preceded byWyoming class
Succeeded byNevada class
Built1911–1914
In commission1914–1946
Planned2
Completed2
Retired2
Preserved1
General characteristics [1]
Type
Super-dreadnought battleship
Displacement
Length
Beam95 ft 2.5 in (29.020 m)
Draft
  • 28 ft 6 in (8.69 m) (mean)
  • 29 ft 7 in (9.02 m) (max)
Installed power
Propulsion2 ×
triple-expansion steam engines
Speed21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph)
Range7,060 nmi (13,080 km; 8,120 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement1,042 officers and men
Sensors and
processing systems
Armament
Armor

The New York class was a pair of

super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1914. The two ships of the class, New York and Texas, saw extensive service beginning in the occupation of Veracruz, World War I, and World War II
.

Designed as a more heavily armed improvement over the previous

anti-aircraft weaponry and armor layout, which were addressed with the subsequent Nevada class
. Because of these deficiencies, both ships saw several extensive overhauls over the course of their careers which greatly changed their appearance.

Both New York and Texas entered service in 1914 and immediately served in the occupation of Veracruz, and service reinforcing the

San Jacinto State Park till being moved to a drydock in Galveston, Texas
in August 2022 for restoration operations.

Background

The New York class was the fifth of 11 separate classes planned by the United States Navy between 1906 and 1919, a total of 29 battleships and 6 battlecruisers. Virtually the entire American battle line was being designed from

General Board taking a more active role in the design process of ships, and the navy's Board on Construction would implement the design instead of creating it. While the New York class was mostly designed by the Board on Construction, lessons learned on the class allowed the General Board to take the lead on the following Nevada-class battleships.[3]

The Newport Conference established a general consensus among leaders that US Navy ships should carry larger batteries in response to the increasing caliber of battleships in other countries, notably the

Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer fought to keep the original design and the ships were not altered.[6]

The class is generally referred to as the New York class,[1][4] but it is also occasionally called the Texas class because New York was completed several months after her sister, Texas.[7]

Design

General characteristics

As designed, the ships had a

Marines.[10]

Armament

Turrets 1 and 2 aboard Texas, showing the 14-inch guns. The New York class was the first US Navy ship type to carry this heavy gun.

The main battery of the class consisted of ten 14-inch/45 caliber guns, arrayed in five 2-gun turrets designated 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and able to elevate to 15 degrees. The class was the last to feature a turret mounted amidships.[11][12] In 1910 the US Navy's Bureau of Ordnance had successfully designed and tested its 14-inch naval gun.[1] The gun proved to have remarkable accuracy and uniformity of pattern. The New York class was the fifth class of US dreadnought battleship design created, and work had already started on the sixth design, the Nevada class. By 1910 no US dreadnought type battleship had yet hit the water, as all were either at some stage of building or in design. Virtually the entire US Navy battle line was being designed by drawing on experience from pre-dreadnought designs or from observation of foreign battleship designs.[2]

As built, both ships also carried 21

3-inch (76 mm)/50 caliber guns mounted on platforms on top of the boat cranes of Texas in 1916.[1] In 1918, the secondary armament was reduced to 16 5-inch/51 caliber guns, eight to a side, as the guns near the ends of the ship were difficult to work in any kind of sea. When both ships were refitted 1925–26, AA defense was increased with eight 3-inch/50 caliber guns arrayed four to a side.[11] Six of the sixteen remaining 5-inch guns were relocated higher in the ship to new casemates on the main deck.[1] The New York class also initially featured four torpedo tubes, 1 each on the port side bow and stern and starboard bow and stern, for the Bliss-Leavitt Mark 3 torpedo, instead of the previous two, because of advances in torpedo performance increasing the prominence of the weapon. The torpedo rooms held 12 torpedoes total, plus 12 naval defense mines.[15] However, the torpedo tubes were removed in the 1925-26 refit.[6]

Magazine and machinery spaces were enclosed in the protected hull. Magazine volume was reduced for increased machinery, with each magazine accommodating 75 to 80 shells and charges, while more shells were carried in their turrets and handling rooms.[16]

In 1937 eight

Oerlikon 20 mm guns
in single mounts were also added. The 3-inch AA gun armament was increased to 10 guns, while the 5-inch gun armament was reduced to 6 guns.

Armor

The ships continued the armor suite of the Wyoming class with minor improvements. The deck armor scheme would continue to remain distinctly inferior to the succeeding Nevada class with their

all or nothing armor scheme. However the leap forward in range provided by improved fire control was not yet envisioned and had it been there would not have been time to include it within the current design. The ship provided a 12 in (305 mm) belt tapering to 10 in (254 mm) and 6.5 in (165 mm) casemate armor with internal partitioning.[17] The New York class was the first to incorporate an armored central plotting room below decks, but atop the protective deck, and enclosed in a thin box of splinter armor.[16]

Armor on the New York class consisted of

barbettes was between 10 and 12 inches. Conning towers were protected by 12 inches of armor, with 4 inches of armor on the tops.[1] In all, the armor totaled 261.67 t (257.54 long tons; 288.44 short tons) on the upper casemate, 1,680.33 t (1,653.79 long tons; 1,852.25 short tons) on the lower casemate, 1,549.16 t (1,524.69 long tons; 1,707.66 short tons) along the belt, 127.42 t (125.41 long tons; 140.46 short tons) on the bulkheads, 1,322.11 t (1,301.23 long tons; 1,457.38 short tons) on the splinter deck, 2,085.39 t (2,052.45 long tons; 2,298.75 short tons) on the barbettes, and 856.11 t (842.59 long tons; 943.70 short tons) on the conning tower for a total protection of 8,120.62 t (7,992.37 long tons; 8,951.45 short tons).[18]

Propulsion

The ships were powered by 14

range of 7,060 nmi (8,120 mi; 13,080 km) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph).[1] Initially, designs called for a 14 percent increase in power to 32,000 shp (24,000 kW) over the 28,000 shp (21,000 kW) of the preceding class.[16] However, it was discovered that greater propulsive efficiency of the reciprocating engine allowed a reduction in installed power, needing only 28,100 shp to make 21 knots.[19]

The New York class was the final class of US battleship to be powered by coal. The class was designed to carry 2,850 long tons (2,900 t) of coal, the most of any battleship class. In 1910, the succeeding battleships of the Nevada class were designed with fuel oil in mind.[20] Both ships were converted to carry fuel oil in 1926, and had a capacity of 5,200 long tons (5,300 t) of oil. Six new Bureau Express oil-fired boilers replaced the fourteen older design coal-fired boilers at that time with no loss of power.[10]

Construction

New York under construction in 1912

Funding for the battleships was authorized by a 24 June 1910 act, which called for the ships to cost no more than $6,000,000. The act also specified new labor policies for their construction which put strict limits on labor hours and working conditions for shipyard employees.

Newport News Shipbuilding Company won the contract with a bid of $5,830,000.[22] Battleship No. 35 began construction first, on 17 April 1911, launched 18 May 1912, and completed on 12 March 1914. Battleship No. 34 was laid down on 11 September 1911, launched on 30 October 1912, and completed on 15 April 1914.[1]

By 1926, the New York class was considered obsolete compared with other battleships in service, so both ships received a complete refit. While several other battleships in service, including Utah and Florida, were converted to training ships or scrapped, New York and Texas were chosen to be overhauled to increase their speed, armor, and armament, in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.[23]

An additional 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) were added for defense against aerial targets and submarines. Her fourteen coal-fired boilers were replaced by six Bureau Express oil-fired boilers and the twin funnels were trunked into one, aft of the forward superstructure. Tripods were fitted in place of the lattice masts, and atop the forward tripod a control tower was installed. A tower was built amidships that contained additional fire control to backup the system on the foremast. A new aircraft catapult was installed atop turret Number 3, and cranes were installed on either side of the funnel for boat and aircraft handling. Additional deck protection was added, and each ship's beam was widened. The ships were fitted with anti-torpedo bulges, though these made maneuvering harder at low speeds and both rolled badly, and gunfire accuracy was reduced in rough seas.[8]

Service history

USS New York

New York (right) during training in 1932
Main article: USS New York (BB-34)

Shortly after commissioning, New York became flagship for the

XAF RADAR in February 1938, including the first United States duplexer so a single antenna could both send and receive.[29]

She was a part of the Neutrality Patrol following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, and spent the beginning of the war escorting convoys between New York and Iceland.

Pacific Fleet late in the war and supported landings on Iwo Jima in February 1945,[34] and later the invasion of Okinawa in April 1945.[35] She was lightly damaged by a kamikaze attack in this battle.[36] Following the war, she was used as a target ship during the two atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads, and was subsequently studied for its effects, before being sunk as a target off Hawaii in 1948.[37][38]

USS Texas

San Jacinto State Park, where she resided as a museum ship
until 2022
Main article: USS Texas (BB-35)

Texas also participated in the occupation of Veracruz for several months in 1914,[39] before conducting training and upgrades to become the first ship of the US Navy to mount anti-aircraft weapons.[40] She conducted convoy patrols early in World War I and was the first US ship to fire on a German one during a convoy mission in 1917.[39] She joined other US battleships in reinforcing the British fleet near the end of the war and was present for the German surrender.[39] In the inter-war period she became one of the first battleships to launch and operate aircraft,[41] and frequently alternated her time between the Atlantic and Pacific waters on training exercises.[42]

She was part of the Neutrality Patrol at the beginning of World War II and supported Allied landings at North Africa, and then conducted convoy patrol duty to North African and European ports throughout 1943.

Normandy, France,[7] in particular the battle at Pointe du Hoc.[44] Later that month on 25 June, she supported the bombardment of Cherbourg and there was damaged when she was hit with a German artillery shell.[45] In July she moved to support Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France. Following extensive repairs and training, she moved to the Pacific and supported the invasion of Iwo Jima in February 1945. She then moved to support landings on Okinawa in April.[46] Following the end of the war, Texas was decommissioned, and in 1948 she was moved to San Jacinto State Park and converted into a museum ship, where she remained till August 31, 2022. She was floated to a drydock in Galveston, Texas for $35,000,000 restoration project estimated to last for 12–18 months. Her new home in Texas is still undetermined as of the date of the move.[47]

Ships in class

New York-class battleship on the reverse of a 1918 US two dollar bill.
Construction data
Ship name Hull no. Builder Laid down Launched Commissioned Decommissioned Fate
New York BB-34 Brooklyn Navy Yard 11 September 1911 30 October 1912 15 May 1914 29 August 1946 Struck 13 July 1948; Sunk as target, 8 July 1948
Texas BB-35 Newport News Shipbuilding 17 April 1911 18 May 1912 12 March 1914 21 April 1948 Struck 30 April 1948; Museum ship undergoing substantial restoration with limited public viewing, new home undetermined.

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gardiner & Gray 1985, p. 115.
  2. ^ a b Friedman 1985, p. 96.
  3. ^ a b Friedman 1985, p. 85.
  4. ^ a b Friedman 1985, p. 88.
  5. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 93.
  6. ^ a b c Friedman 1985, p. 95.
  7. ^ a b Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 414.
  8. ^ a b Banks 2002, p. 33.
  9. ^ Powers 1993, p. 133.
  10. ^ a b Powers 1993, p. 134.
  11. ^ a b c d Bonner 1996, p. 28.
  12. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 299.
  13. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 115.
  14. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 304.
  15. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 436.
  16. ^ a b c Friedman 1985, p. 93–94.
  17. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 97–99.
  18. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 102.
  19. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 26.
  20. ^ Banks 2002, p. 10.
  21. ^ Banks 2002, p. 27.
  22. ^ Ferguson 2007, p. 35.
  23. ^ a b Banks 2002, p. 32.
  24. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 116.
  25. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 117.
  26. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 118.
  27. ^ Banks 2002, p. 31.
  28. ^ Rodman 1927, p. 271.
  29. ^ Macintyre 1967, p. 73.
  30. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 119.
  31. ^ a b Banks 2002, p. 35.
  32. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 120.
  33. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 121.
  34. ^ a b Banks 2002, p. 37.
  35. ^ Bonner 1996, p. 122.
  36. ^ Banks 2002, p. 40.
  37. ^ Banks 2002, p. 38.
  38. ^ Kearns & Morris 1998, p. 293.
  39. ^ a b c Powers 1993, p. 11.
  40. ^ Friedman 1985, p. 177.
  41. ^ Hone & Hone 2006, p. 94–95.
  42. ^ Powers 1993, p. 17.
  43. ^ Powers 1993, p. 24.
  44. ^ Powers 1993, p. 26.
  45. ^ Harrison 1951, p. 519.
  46. ^ Powers 1993, p. 31.
  47. ^ Powers 1993, p. 37.

Sources

External links

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