Nieuport
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Industry | defence |
---|---|
Predecessor | Société Générale d’Aéro-Locomotion (SGAL) |
Founded | 1908 |
Founder | Édouard Nieuport |
Defunct | January 1937 |
Fate | Merged |
Successor | SNCAO |
Headquarters | , France |
Products | Aircraft, boats and electrical components |
Nieuport, later Nieuport-Delage, was a French
History
Beginnings
Originally formed as Nieuport-Duplex in 1902 for the manufacture of engine components the company was reformed in 1909 as the Société Générale d'Aéro-locomotion,[1] and its products were marketed to the aviation industry, including ignition components. During this time they built their first aircraft, a small single-seat pod and boom monoplane. This was destroyed shortly after having been flown successfully, during the Great Flood of Paris in 1909 . A second design flew before the end of 1909 and had the essential form of modern aircraft, including an enclosed fuselage with the pilot protected from the slipstream and a horizontal tail whose aerodynamic force acted downwards,[2] balancing the weight of the engine ahead of the centre of gravity, as opposed to upwards as on contemporaries such as the Blériot XI.
Nieuport had trouble obtaining suitable engines for their early designs and resorted to making their own. In 1910 a twin-cylinder horizontally-opposed type producing 28 hp (21 kW) was fitted to the Nieuport II and proved successful.
In 1911, the company was reformed specifically to build aircraft while continuing to build components including propellers under the name Nieuport et Deplante. In 1911, Edouard Nieuport (1875–1911), who was one of several aviation minded brothers, died after being thrown from his aircraft, and the company was taken over by
Gustave Delage and World War I
With Schneider's departure, Gustave Delage (no connection to the
Until the end of 1917, most of the company's output would consist of successive developments of this one design, with more powerful engines, modest increases in overall dimensions, and refined aerodynamics, until the line ended with the
Some pilots, notably Albert Ball and Charles Nungesser, preferred the Nieuport due to its sensitive controls and maneuverability.[8] Pilots Eddie Rickenbacker and Billy Bishop flew Nieuport aircraft to some of their first victories.[9]
The first major break from the sesquiplane design, the Nieuport 28 was the first production Nieuport fighter with two spars to both upper and lower wings, but by the time it was ready for service the French had already chosen the SPAD S.XIII as their primary fighter. Due to a shortage of SPAD S.XIIIs and problems with their engines, the first fighter squadrons of the United States Army Air Service (USAAS) used the Nieuport 28 on operations. While only in operational service with the USAAS for a short time, the Nieuport 28 was the first fighter to be used on operations by an American squadron.[10]
Nieuports were widely used by the Allied air arms, and various models were built under licence in Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom. In Italy, Aermacchi was originally formed as Nieuport-Macchi for the purpose of building various Nieuports under licence.[11] They started with the Nieuport IV, but built the Nieuport 10, 11, 17 and finally the post-war NiD.29 under license.[12] In Russia several companies, notably Dux, built Nieuports of several types including the IV, 10, 11, 16, 17, 21, 23 and 24bis,[13] with the 24bis continuing in production after the Russian Revolution had ended. In Scotland, William Beardmore and Company built the Nieuport 12 under licence, while gradually incorporating many of their own changes. Nieuport & General Aircraft was formed to build Nieuport fighters under licence in England, and built 50 Nieuport 17bis scouts for the Royal Naval Air Service before switching to other aircraft.
Three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 marking the end of hostilities in World War I, and in protest over being forced to march like infantry in the parade, Charles Godefroy flew a "v-strut" Nieuport fighter through the arch of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris on the morning of Friday, 8 August 1919.[14] The event was filmed.[15]
Post–World War I
By the end of 1918, Nieuport had two new fighter types flying, the
At this time, Nieuport became Nieuport-Astra, with the absorption of Société Astra, a company known for aerial balloons, though this name would not be used for long, before becoming Nieuport-Delage, in honour of the work of the chief designer, Gustave Delage, who had been running the company through the war years. Also at this time, the seaplane builder Tellier was absorbed, and for a brief time the name Nieuport-Tellier was also used.
Despite the many successes achieved with 29 and 31 in setting speed and altitude records, Delage quickly embarked on a new design that was to provide the basis for a family of aircraft that would remain in service until the fall of France during
The Nieuport-Delage NiD 38 and similar 39 were small airliners of which more than 37 were built. Other types were developed, the majority of which were one-offs or did not result in significant production.
The end of Nieuport
The final aircraft developed by Nieuport saw much of its development done by successor companies. In 1932, as a result of the amalgamations taking place in the French aviation industry, Delage retired and Nieuport-Delage was briefly renamed Nieuport again, before merging with Loire Aviation to form Loire-Nieuport, which was then merged into SNCAO during the amalgamations in the French aircraft industry. SNCAO would in turn be merged into the massive conglomerate known as Aérospatiale. During the German invasion of France in 1940, the company's records were burnt to prevent their falling into German hands. This step didn't prevent the Germans from charging several employees with espionage, as the last operational Nieuport, the Loire-Nieuport LN.401 was a single-seat, single-engine retractable-gear monoplane dive bomber with an inverted gull wing with a vague similarity to the Junkers Ju 87.
Aircraft produced
In later three digit designations (except NiD 120 and LN.160), the third numeral represents a sub-variant with a 0 representing a base variant so that a 640 and a 64 are the same.
- Nieuport I – retroactive designation for pod and boom tractor monoplane, destroyed during the 1910 Great Flood of Paris after one flight.
- Nieuport II – single-seat sport/racing monoplane powered by a variety of engines.
- Nieuport III – two-seat sport/racing monoplane with Anzani engine.
- Nieuport IV – two-seat sport/racing monoplane.
- Nieuport VI – three-seat sport monoplane used by French Navy and Royal Naval Air Service.
- Nieuport VIII – two-seat sport monoplane, variant of VI for Turkey.
- Nieuport X– three-seat monoplane similar to VI but with constant chord wings, used by French Navy.
- Nieuport XI– prototype single-seat sport monoplane similar to II but with constant chord wings.
- Nieuport XII– prototype armoured monoplane similar to the X
- Nieuport-Dunne– licence-built tailless biplane with many local modifications.
- Nieuport Carton-Pate – military twin boom sesquiplane pusher floatplane.[16]
- Nieuport 9– Russian designation for locally built single-seat Nieuport 10
- Nieuport 10 – sesquiplane used in many roles, unrelated to monoplane Nieuport X
- Nieuport 83 – purpose-built trainer version of Nieuport 10 with 80-hp Le Rhôneengine (hence 8x series designation)
- Nieuport 11 – sesquiplane fighter – Nieuport's first purpose-built fighter, no relation to earlier Nieuport XI
- Nieuport 12 – two-seat artillery spotting sesquiplane developed from Nieuport 10
- 81– trainer versions of Nieuport 12 with 80-hp engines
- Nieuport 12bis– two-seat artillery-spotting sesquiplane, extensively redesigned from Nieuport 12
- Nieuport 13– development of Nieuport 12 with slightly longer wings
- Nieuport 14 – two-seat reconnaissance sesquiplane
- Nieuport 82– Nieuport 14 trainer with 80-hp engine
- Nieuport 15 – large sesquiplane bomber, enlargement of 14
- Nieuport 16 – fighter – strengthened Nieuport 11 powered by 110 hp Le Rhône 9J engine
- Nieuport 17 – fighter – enlarged and more refined development of 16.
- Clerget. Used in small numbers by the British
- Nieuport 18 – twin-engine sesquiplane bomber
- Nieuport 19 – Nieuport 18 with different engines. Neither appears to have been completed
- Nieuport 20– Nieuport 12 development
- Nieuport 21 – light weight fighter derived from Nieuport 17 with lower-powered engine
- Nieuport 23– development of Nieuport 17 with Vickers machine gun offset (when installed)
- Nieuport 24 – cleaned-up Nieuport 17 with fuselage faired with stringers and new empennage.
- Nieuport 24bis– 24 but with Nieuport 17 rudder and horizontal tail
- Clergetengine – small number only.
- Hispano-Suiza 8Apowered development of 24.
- Nieuport 27 – improved 24 and penultimate vee-strutter.
- Nieuport 28 – biplane fighter used by American Expeditionary Forces' Air Service.
- Nieuport Madon – monoplane fighter developed into 31, sesquiplan and others
- Nieuport 29/Nieuport-Delage NiD 29 – widely used biplane fighter.
- Nieuport 30T/Nieuport-Delage NiD 30T – large single-engine biplane airliner developed from bomber
- Nieuport 31/31Rh – 1919 Le Rhone-engined monoplane/sesquiplane fighter prototype.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 32/32M/32Rh – rotary-powered naval variant of Nieuport-Delage NiD 29.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 33 – trainer with box section fuselage based on NiD.29, some used by Japan.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 37 – 1922 Coupe Deutsche racing sesquiplane and fighter with pilot over engine.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 38 & NiD 39 – single-engine biplane cabin airliners with different engines
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 40– high-altitude Nieuport-Delage 29 variant.
- Nieuport-Delage 41 Sesquiplan – Monoplane racer which set many speed records.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 42 – sesquiplane fighter, prototype for 52, 62, 72 and others, originally a parasol monoplane
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 42S– shoulder wing racing monoplane developed from sesquiplan
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 43[17] – floatplane fighter.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 44– development of 42 with different engine.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 450 & 650 – monoplane floatplane racers for Schneider Trophy
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 46– development of 42 with different engine.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 48[18] – sesquiplane fighter scaled down NiD 42 for Jockey light fighter program.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 50[19] – abandoned twin-engine floatplane torpedo bomber.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 52 – sesquiplane fighter derived from NiD 42 used by Spain.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 540[20] – single-engine high-wing transport.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 580[21] – two-seat reconnaissance parasol monoplane.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 62 – sesquiplane fighter used in large numbers by France.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 64, 640 & 641– large single-engine monoplane airliner with elliptical wing.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 72– sesquiplane fighter all metal version of 62.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD 740[22] – trimotor long range mailplane prototype built to a government requirement.
- Nieuport-Delage NiD-120 – single-seat parasol monoplane fighter used by Peru.
- Loire-Nieuport LN.10– twin-engine inverted gull monoplane patrol floatplane with engines over wing.
- Loire-Nieuport LN.30– single-engine pusher training flying boat.
- Loire-Nieuport LN.40– Single-engine, single-seat dive bomber with inverted gull wing.
- Loire-Nieuport LN.160 – Single-engine, single-seat fighter, developed into SNCAO 200.
A number of prototypes, especially during the First World War do not have known designations, including developments of the 24/27, and 28 with various engine installations, and structural improvements including monocoque fuselages, modified wing designs which included triplane variants of the Nieuport 10, 17 and 17bis.
Several Tellier designs were built under the Nieuport name, including:
- Tellier T.5 as Nieuport BM. – a twin engine patrol flying boat.
- Tellier T.6 as Nieuport S. – a single engine patrol flying boat.
- Tellier T.8 as Nieuport TM. – a trimotor patrol flying boat.
- Tellier Vonna as Nieuport 4R. – a four engine transatlantic flying boat not completed.
During World War I, Nieuport aircraft were sometimes referred to by their wing area (in square meters) rather than their official designations.
- 83were 18-meter Nieuports
- Nieuport 11 & 16 were 13-meter Nieuports
- 81were 23-meter Nieuports
Gallery
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Nieuport IV.G
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Nieuport VI.H
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Nieuport 10 C.1
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Nieuport 11 C.1
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Nieuport 12 A.2 Prototype
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Nieuport 16 with Le Prier anti-balloon rockets
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Nieuport 23 C.1
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Nieuport 27 C.1
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Nieuport 28 C.1
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Nieuport-Delage 29 C.1
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Nieuport-Delage Sesquiplan
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Nieuport-Delage NiD.62
Survivors
Type | Owner | Location | Notes |
Nieuport II.N monoplane
|
Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace
|
le Bourget (Paris), France | Late production model, on display |
Nieuport IV.G monoplane | Swedish Air Force Museum | Malmen Airbase. Sweden | On display |
Nieuport-Macchi 10,000 | Museo Storica de Guerra | Rovereto, Italy | Recently restored |
Nieuport-Macchi 10,000 | Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci"
|
Milan, Italy | On display |
Nieuport 11 C.1 | Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace
|
le Bourget (Paris), France | On display |
Nieuport 12 A.2 | Canada Aviation and Space Museum | Ottawa, Canada | French example gifted to Canada. Restored and on display |
Nieuport 23 C.1 | Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History
|
Brussels, Belgium | Recently restored, on display |
Nieuport 28 C.1 | National Air and Space Museum | Washington, D.C. | Recently restored |
Nieuport 28 C.1 | National Museum of the United States Air Force | Dayton, Ohio | On display |
Nieuport 28 C.1 | National Naval Aviation Museum | NAS Pensacola, Florida | On display as USN aircraft |
Nieuport 28 C.1 | Swiss Air Force Museum
|
Dübendorf, Switzerland | On display as Swiss Air Force aircraft |
Nieuport-Delage NiD.29 C.1 | Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace
|
le Bourget (Paris), France | In Storage |
Nieuport 83 E.2 trainer[24] | Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome | Rhinebeck, New York | Poor condition, on display |
References
Citations
- ^ Munson p.150
- ^ Bocquelet, David. "NIEUPORT PLANES". www.ww1-planes.com. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- ^ Cincinnati Enquirer, January 25, 1913
- ^ Gray & Thetford P.169
- ^ Munson P.152
- ^ Cheesman p.90
- ^ Cheesman p. 92
- ^ Cheesman 1960
- ^ Knight, Clayton (September 1957). "A Portfolio of Vintage Warbirds". TRUE Magazine.
- ^ Treadwell p. 74
- ^ Apostolo p. 7
- ^ Apostolo p. 41
- ^ Durkota p.358
- ^ * « Un aviateur passe en avion sous l'Arc de Triomphe », Le Matin from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3–4.
- « Un avion passe sous l'Arc de Triomphe », L'Écho de Paris from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 3.
- « L'Acte insensé d'un aviateur », par Raoul Alexandre, L'Humanité from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 2.
- « Un avion, ce matin, est passé sous l'Arc de Triomphe », par Paul Cartoux, L'Intransigeant from 1919/08/08, p.1, column 6.
- « Aéronautique : l'inutile exploit du sergent Godefroy », Le Temps from 1919/08/09, morning edition, p.3, column 4–5.
- ^ Exploits de l'Aviation - Charles Godefroy (contains footage of the flight)
- ^ Hannan, Bill; Benichou, Michel (April 1983). "Nieuport Carton-Pate". La Fanatique de l'Aviation. le Hangar de l'inconnu (Unknown Hangar) (in French). 161. clichy Cedex: Lariviere: 36–39.
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf pp.26 & 28
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf pp.15-16
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf p.27
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf pp.21-22
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf pp.29-30
- ^ http://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/les_avions_nieuport-delage.pdf pp.23-24
- ^ Bruce, Nieuport 17 p.2
- ^ Bruce, Nieuport 10~12, p.35
Bibliography
- Alegi, Gregory. Nieuport 29 - Windsock Datafile 97, Albratros Publications, Herts, 2003 ISBN 1-902207-52-1
- Apostolo, Giorgio. Aermacchi - from Nieuports to AMX, Giorgio Apostolo Editore (GAE), Milan, Italy, 1991
- Bruce, J.M. Nieuport 10~12 - Windsock Datafile 68, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1998, ISBN 1-902207-01-7
- Bruce, J.M. Nieuport 17 (and its near relatives) - Windsock Datafile 20, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1990, ISBN 0-948414-24-3
- Bruce, J.M. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One - Vintage Warbirds No 10, Arms and Armour Press, London, 1988 ISBN 0-85368-934-2
- Bruce, J.M. Nieuport Fighters - A Windsock Datafile Special Volumes 1 & 2, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1994, ISBN 0-948414-54-5
- Čejka, Zdenek Československé Nieuporty (Czechoslovakian Nieuports), Historick Sesity, Prague, 1998
- Cheesman, E.F. (ed.) Fighter aircraft of the 1914-1918 War, Letchwordth, Harleyford 1960
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- Franks, Norman. Nieuport Aces of World War 1 - Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 33, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2000, ISBN 1-85532-961-1
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- Guttman, Jon. Nieuport 28 - Windsock Datafile 36, Albratros Publications, Herts, 1992, ISBN 0-948414-44-8
- Hartmann, Gérard. "Les Avions Nieuport-Delage" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- Kowalski, Tomasz J. Nieuport 1-27, Kagero, Lublin, 2003, ISBN 83-89088-09-6
- Kulikov, Victor. Russian Two seat Nieuports, Windsock International, Albratros Publications, Herts, Volume 9, Number 6 Nov-Dec 1993 pp. 24–26
- Longoni, Maurizio. Nieuport Macchi 11 & 17, Intergest, Milan, 1976
- Munson, Kenneth Pioneer Aircraft London, Blandford 1969
- Pommier, Gerard. Nieuport 1875-1911 - A biography of Edouard Nieuport, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pa., 2002 ISBN 0-7643-1624-9
- Rimmell, Ray. World War One Survivors, Aston Publications, Bucks, 1990, ISBN 0-946627-44-4
- Sanger, Ray. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One, Crowood Press, Wiltshire, 2002 ISBN 1-86126-447-X
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