Nimbarkacharya
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To the left hand side of Goloka Bihari is the daughter of King Vrishabhanu, Sri Radha, who is as beautiful as the Lord and is worshipped by thousands of handmaidens. She fulfills the wishes of all. Sri Kishori is eternally remembered as Sri Ji.
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Nimbarkacharya (
Nimbarka is believed to have lived around the 12th century,
Etymology and epithets
The word 'Nimbārka' (निंबार्क) is derived from two which he founded is named after him.
Datings
Nimbarka's traditional followers believe that he appeared in 3096 BCE, but this dating is controversial as historians believe that he lived between 7th and 11th century CE.[9] According to Roma Bose, Nimbarka lived in the 13th century, on the presupposition that Śrī Nimbārkāchārya was the author of the work Madhvamukhamardana.[7] Bhandarkar has placed him after Ramanuja, suggesting 1162 CE as the date of his demise.[11] S. N. Dasgupta dated Nimbarka to around middle of 14th century,[12] while S. A. A. Rizvi assigns a date of c.1130–1200 CE.[13]
According to Satyanand, Bose's dating of the 13th century is an erroneous attribution.
Biography
Little is known about Nimbarka's life. He is said to have been born into a
It is believed that Nimbarka was given the name Niyamananda at his birth, but sometimes Bhaskara is considered as his birth name.[10][17] During Nimbarka's early years, it is described that his family moved to Vrindavan, but there is no historical recorded account.[16]
Philosophy
According to Nimbarka, the ultimate reality or Brahman is Krishna, recognized by various names such as Purushottama, Hari, and Bhagavan. He is accompanied by Radha. Brahman, as described by Nimbarka, is flawless, possessing auspicious qualities and transcending the influence of karma, and with attributes such as knowledge, power, and compassion; Brahman is also both the material and efficient cause of creation, likened to a sovereign emperor engaging in playful activities without specific outcomes in mind.[18]
Nimbarka considered the jiva to possess inherent knowledge (jnana), which distinguishes it from non-sentient elements such as the body, sense organs, and mind. This inherent knowledge permeates every state of the jiva, including waking, dreaming, and deep sleep. Nimbarka explains that the jiva is both knowledge and knower, likening their relationship to that of a gem and its radiance, where they are distinct yet inseparable, existing in a relationship of substrate and attribute.[19]
References
- ^ a b c Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 312.
- ^ a b Dalal 2010, p. 129.
- ^ a b c Malkovsky 2001, p. 118.
- ^ a b c "Nimbarka | Indian philosopher | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ Ramnarace 2014, p. 113.
- ^ Hoiberg 2000.
- ^ a b Bose 1940.
- ^ Raju 2013, p. 158.
- ^ a b c Mukundananda 2014.
- ^ a b Ph.D 2016, p. 194.
- ^ a b c Bhandarkar 1987.
- ^ A History of Indian Philosophy (Vol. 3) by Surendranath Dasgupta, (Cambridge: 1921) page 420
- ^ Saiyed A A Rizvi- A history of Sufism in India, Vol.1 (Munshi Ram Manoharlal Publishing Private Limited: 1978), page 355
- ^ Satyanand, J. Nimbārka: A Pre-Śaṅkara Vedāntin and his philosophy, Varanasi, 1997
- ^ Ramnarace 2014, p. 180.
- ^ a b Dalal 2010.
- ^ Pandey 2008.
- ^ Agraeal 1957, p. 110-111.
- ^ Agraeal 1957, p. 100-101.
Bibliography
- Agraeal, mohan Madan (1957). The Philosophy Of Nimbarka.
- Bhandarkar, R.G. (1987). Vaisnavism, Saivaism and minor Religious system. Indological Book House, Varanasi, India. ISBN 9788120601222.
- Ph.D, Lavanya Vemsani (13 June 2016). Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-211-3.
- Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
- Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
- Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase Publishing, ISBN 9780816075645
- Bose, Roma (1940), Vedanta Parijata Saurabha of Nimbarka and Vedanta Kaustubha of Srinivasa (Commentaries on the Brahma-Sutras) – Doctrines of Nimbarka and his followers, vol.3, Asiatic Society of Bengal
- Malkovsky, B. (2001), The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śaṁkarācārya, BRILL
- Ramnarace, Vijay (2014). Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa's Vedāntic Debut: Chronology & Rationalisation in the Nimbārka Sampradāya (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.
- Pandey, B. K. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophers. Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-261-3524-0.
- Raju, P. T. (16 October 2013). Idealistic Thought of India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54343-4.
- Mukundananda, Swami (31 December 2014). Saints of India. Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog.