Nodosauridae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Nodosaurids
Temporal range:
Ma
Gargoyleosaurus skeleton cast
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: †Ornithischia
Clade: †Thyreophora
Clade: †Ankylosauria
Clade: †
Euankylosauria
Family: †Nodosauridae
Marsh, 1890
Subgroups
Synonyms

Acanthopholididae Nopcsa, 1902
Acanthopholidae Nopcsa, 1917
?Hylaeosauridae Nopcsa, 1902
Palaeoscincidae Nopcsa, 1918
Panoplosauridae Nopcsa, 1929
Struthiosauridae Kuhn, 1966

Nodosauridae is a family of

period in what is now North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.[1]

Description

Borealopelta markmitchelli on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum

Nodosaurids, like their close relatives the

herbivorous dinosaurs, possessing small, leaf-shaped teeth. Unlike ankylosaurids, nodosaurids lacked mace-like tail clubs, instead having flexible tail tips. Many nodosaurids had spikes projecting outward from their shoulders. One particularly well-preserved nodosaurid "mummy", the holotype of Borealopelta markmitchelli, preserved a nearly complete set of armor in life position, as well as the keratin covering and mineralized remains of the underlying skin, which indicate reddish dorsal pigments in a countershading pattern.[2][3]

Classification

The family Nodosauridae was erected by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1890, and anchored on the genus Nodosaurus.[4][5]

The

Ankylosaurus magniventris. As all phylogenies referenced included both Panoplosaurus and Nodosaurus within the same group relative to Ankylosaurus, the addition of another internal specifier was deemed unnecessary. The 2018 phylogenetic analysis of Rivera-Sylva and colleagues was used as the primary reference for Panoplosaurini by Madzia et al., in addition to the supplemental analyses of Thompson et al. (2012), Arbour and Currie (2016), Arbour et al. (2016), and Brown et al. (2017).[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Nodosauridae

Gastonia

Gargoyleosaurus

Polacanthinae
Nodosaurinae

Peloroplites

Taohelong

Sauropelta

Acantholipan

Nodosaurus

Tatankacephalus

Silvisaurus

CPC 273

Panoplosaurini

Animantarx

Panoplosaurus

Argentinian ankylosaur (Patagopelta)

Texasetes

Denversaurus

Edmontonia longiceps

Edmontonia rugosidens

Struthiosaurini

Pawpawsaurus

Borealopelta markmitchelli

Stegopelta

Struthiosaurus languedocensis

Struthiosaurus transylvanicus

Struthiosaurus austriacus

The highly isolated Antarctopelta, from the late Cretaceous of Antarctica, was previously thought to be the most basal nodosaurid, but a 2021 study found it to belong to the Parankylosauria, a separate basal lineage of ankylosaurs restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.[13] However, the 2022 description of Patagopelta, a nodosaurine from South America, suggests that true nodosaurids also inhabited Gondwana, having colonized South America during a biotic interchange from North America during the Campanian.[14]

Biogeography

The near simultaneous appearance of nodosaurids in both North America and Europe is worthy of consideration. Europelta is the oldest nodosaurid from Europe, it is derived from the lower Albian Escucha Formation. The oldest western North American nodosaurid is Sauropelta, from the lower Albian Little Sheep Mudstone Member of the Cloverly Formation, at an age of 108.5±0.2 million years. Eastern North American fossils seem older. Teeth of Priconodon crassus from the Arundel Clay of the Potomac Group of Maryland, which dates near the Aptian–Albian boundary. The Propanoplosaurus hatchling from the base of the underlying Patuxent Formation, dating to the upper Aptian, is the oldest known nodosaurid.[4]

Chronostratigraphy of nodosaurid genera[12][4][6][9][15]
PaleogeneCretaceousJurassicOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicDenversaurusPanoplosaurusEdmontoniaPatagopeltaAnimantarxTexasetesStruthiosaurusHungarosaurusStegopeltaPawpawsaurusEuropeltaGlyptodontopeltaAhshislepeltaInvictarxRhadinosaurusDanubiosaurusNiobrarasaurusAcantholipanPeloroplitesNodosaurusZhejiangosaurusBorealopeltaSilvisaurusPriconodonPropanoplosaurusTatankacephalusSauropeltaAcanthopholisAnoplosaurusDongyangopeltaHoplitosaurusHorshamosaurusGastonia burgeiSauroplitesPolacanthusHylaeosaurusTaohelongMymoorapeltaGargoyleosaurusSarcolestesOligoceneEocenePaleoceneLate CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate JurassicMiddle JurassicEarly JurassicPaleogeneCretaceousJurassic

See also

References

  1. JSTOR 4523098
    .
  2. ^ Smith, Craig S. (12 May 2017). "'Dinosaur Mummy' Emerges From the Oil Sands of Alberta". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  3. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2017-12-01.
  4. ^
    PMID 24312471
    .
  5. S2CID 140672072
    .
  6. ^ a b Vickaryous, M. K., Maryanska, T., and Weishampel, D. B. (2004). Chapter Seventeen: Ankylosauria. in The Dinosauria (2nd edition), Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H., editors. University of California Press.
  7. PMID 34966571
    .
  8. S2CID 86002282
    .
  9. ^
    S2CID 214625754
    .
  10. S2CID 134924657
    .
  11. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.033
    .
  12. ^
    S2CID 5182644
    .
  13. S2CID 244799975
    .
  14. S2CID 254212751
    .
  15. PMID 30155354
    .

Further reading

  • Carpenter, K. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria." In Carpenter, K., (ed.) 2001: The Armored Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 2001, pp. xv-526
  • Osi, Attila (2005). Hungarosaurus tormai, a new ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of Hungary. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(2):370-383, June 2003.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nodosauridae.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodosauridae&oldid=1187617226"