North Slavic languages
The term North Slavic languages is used in three main senses:
- for a number of proposed groupings or subdivisions of the Slavic languages. However, "North Slavic" is not widely used in this sense. Modern scholars usually divide the Slavic languages into West Slavic, East Slavic, and South Slavic.[1]
- for the West Slavic and East Slavic languages considered as a combined unit, particularly when contrasted to South Slavic languages.
- for a number of constructed languages that were created in the 20th and 21st century, and have been derived from existing Slavic languages.
Proposed subdivisions
Historically, the term "North Slav" has been used in academia since at least the first half of the 19th century.[2] Since then the concept continued to see use in various publications.[3][4]
The following uses of the term "North Slavs" or "North Slavic" are found:
- 'North Slavs', 'Northslavs' or 'North Hungarian Slavs' were used as synonyms for the combination of Slovaks and Rusyns living in the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) within the Austrian Empire by several Slavic authors and politicians writing between 1848 and 1861. They imagined Slovaks and Rusyns to be one nation or ethnic group consisting of two equal tribes (although Moravčík 1861 regarded Rusyns as a subordinate tribe to the Slovak nation) that inhabited a shared ethno-territory (Slovakia and Subcarpathia/Transcarpathia) and was entitled to political representation in the Imperial Council of Austria.[5]
- 'North Slavs', 'Czechoslavs' and 'Slovaks' were used as synonyms for the combination of Czechs, Slovaks and Rusniaks/Rustines (Rusyns) by Ján Thomášek (1841). The ethno-territory that he imagined corresponds with that of the later First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938).[2]
- As a synonym for the combination of Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles (nowadays more commonly known as 'West Slavs').[6]
- As an extinct branch of Slavic. Novgorod (the Old Novgorod dialect) contains several Proto-Slavic archaisms that did not survive in any other Slavic language, and may be considered a remnant of an ancient North Slavic branch. Another candidate is Slovincian in the Lekhitic subgroup.[7]
- An as alternative to or combination of the North Slavs and South Slavs developed independently of each other with noteworthy cultural differences; as such, various theorists claim that the language communities often grouped into West and East Slavic sub-branches share enough linguistic characteristics to be categorised together as North Slavs.[10][page needed] North Slavonic peoples today include the Belarusians, Czechs, Poles, Rusyns, Russians, Slovaks, Sorbs, and Ukrainians.[8] Ukrainian and Belarusian have both been hugely influenced by Polish in the past centuries due to their geographic and cultural proximity, as well as due to the Polonisation of the Ruthenian population of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[11]
- The greatest disparities within the Slavic language family are between South Slavic tongues and the rest of the Slavonic languages.[10][page needed]
- Professor Michał Łesiów once said that "there are no two languages in the Slavic area that were as equally close to each other as Polish and Ruthenian".Slovjak) are less intelligible with Czech and more with Polish and Rusyn.[15][clarification needed] Much overlap can be found between the Northwest and Northeast branches, as even some authors who use the West Slavic and East Slavic categories sometimes utilise the North Slav model instead where it is relevant.[16][17] Tomasz Kamusella writes that where linguistic continua are considered to start and end is usually dictated by politics rather than linguistics, which is the case among North Slavonic nations too.[18] Majority North Slavonic groups today include the Belarusians, Czechs, Kashubians, Poles, Silesians, Rusyns, Russians, Slovaks, Sorbs, and Ukrainians.[19][10][page needed][8] The language areas of the North Slavs and South Slavs have been separated by a broad zones containing three other language communities, namely German, Hungarian, and Romanian.[9]
In terms of language, the greatest contrasts are evident between South Slavic tongues and the rest of the family.
- The concept has also been utilised in the archaeological studies as well as that of the pre-Christian beliefs of Slavic peoples in the Early Middle Ages by scholars in the 2010s.[23][24][clarification needed]
Constructed languages
"North Slavic" has been used as a name for several 20th- and 21st-century constructed languages forming a fictional North Slavic branch of the
- Sevorian (Sievrøsku, 1992), the language of a fictional island in the Baltic Sea;
- three Uralic-inspired languages from the alternative history project Ill Bethisad:
- Vozgian (Vŭozgašchai, 1996),
- Nassian (Naŝica/Nasika, 2001) and
- Skuodian (2002); and
- Novegradian (Новеградескей лизике, 2006), a project embedded in a highly elaborated fictional context.[27]
Also included in the group of fictional North Slavic languages are five interrelated language projects (Seversk, Slavëni, Slavisk, Lydnevi, Mrezian) created around 2001 by Libor Sztemon, although they lack a fictional background and an explanation what exactly qualifies them as North Slavic.[28]
See also
References
- ^ Gołąb, Zbigniew (1992). The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers. pp. 12–13.
The present-day Slavic peoples are usually divided into the three following groups: West Slavic, East Slavic, and South Slavic. This division has both linguistic and historico-geographical justification, in the sense that on the one hand the respective Slavic languages show some old features which unite them into the above three groups, and on the other hand the pre- and early historical migrations of the respective Slavic peoples distributed them geographically in just this way.
- ^ a b Kamusella, Nomachi & Gibson, p. 239.
- ^ Psychological Bulletin, Volume 3. American Psychological Association. 1906. p. 419.
- ^ Ruggd, Harold Ordway (1938). Our Country and Our People: An Introduction to American Civilization, Revised. Ginn. p. 157.
- ^ Kamusella, Nomachi & Gibson, p. 238–239.
- ^ The Living Age, Volume 313. Living Age Company. 1922. pp. 194–195, 199.
- ^ А. Ф. Журавлев, "Лексико-статистическое моделирование системы славянского языкового родства", Moscow, 1994, p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e f g O.T. Ford. "Slavs". the-stewardship.org. The Stewardship. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
- ^ ISBN 3110162849.
- ^ ISBN 9781137348395.
- ^ Serafin, Mikołaj (January 2015). "Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations" (PDF). Retrieved April 28, 2017.
- ^ Łesiów, M. (2011). In: Łabowicz, L. (ed.) Gdzie "sicz", a gdzie "porohy"?!. In: Над Бугом і Нарвою, Iss. 117, p. 15.
- ^ Tyschenko, Kostiantyn. "Мови Європи: відстані між мовами за словниковим складом". Archived from the original on May 1, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
- ^ Tyshchenko, K. (2012). Правда про походження української мови. In: Lytvynenko, S (ed.) Український тиждень, Iss. 39, p. 35.
- ^ Štolc, Jozef (1994). Slovenská dialektológia [Slovak dialectology]. Bratislava: Veda.: Ed. I. Ripka.
- ISBN 9789027205827.
- ^ ISBN 9780521591485.
- ISBN 9780230294738.
- ISBN 9780415216203.
- ^ a b c Kamusella, Tomasz (2005). "The Triple Division of the Slavic Languages: A Linguistic Finding, a Product of Politics, or an Accident?". IWM Working Papers (1). Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ^ Mareš, František Václav (1980). "Die Tetrachotomie und doppelte Dichotomie der slavischen Sprachen". Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (26): 33–45.
- ^ Kamusella, Tomasz (2010). "Central Europe from a Linguistic Viewpoint". Age of Globalization (2): 22–30. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ^ Kajkowski, Kamil (2015). "The Dog in Pagan Beliefs of Early Medieval North-Western Slavs". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. 10: 199–240. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ^ Szczepanik, Paweł; Wadyl, Sławomir (2012). "Uwagi o przestrzeni sakralnej północno-zachodniej słowiańszczyzny i Prus we wczesnym średniowieczu". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. VII: 37–65. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
- ^ Berger, Tilman (2004). "Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen". In M. Okoka; U. Schweier (eds.). Germano-Slavistische Beiträge. Festschrift für P. Rehder zum 65. Geburtstag (PDF) (in German). München. pp. 19–28.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-3-631-61328-3.
- ISBN 978-83-65483-88-1.
- ^ Mannewitz, pp. 239-241.
Bibliography
- Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G., The Slavonic languages (London, 2003), pp. 75 & 114–120.
- Danylenko, Andrii, 2006, "The 'Greek Accusative' vs. the 'New Slavic Accusative' in the Impersonal Environment: an Areal or Structural Discrepancy?", in: Andrii Danylenko, "Slavica et Islamica. Ukrainian in Context". München: Otto Sagner Verlag, 243-265.
- Hult, Arne, "On the verbal morphology of the South Slavic languages (in comparison with the North Slavic languages, especially Russian", Papers from First Conference on Formal Approaches to South Slavic Languages. Plovdiv October 1995. Dragvoll, University of Trondheim, Linguistics Department (= University of Trondheim. Working Papers in Linguistics 28), ss. 105-35. (23)
- Kamusella, Tomasz; Nomachi, Motoki; Gibson, Catherine (2016). The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 561. ISBN 9781137348395.
- Kortlandt, Frederik, "Early dialectal diversity in South Slavic II", in: Dutch Contributions to the Thirteenth International Congress of Slavists, Ljubljana: Linguistics (SSGL 30). Amsterdam – New York: Rodopi, 2003, 215-235. [1]
- Kortlandt, Frederik, From Proto-Indo-European to Slavic
- Timberlake, Alan, 1978, "On the History of the Velar Phonemes in North Slavic" [in Russian with English synopsis]. In Henrik Birnbaum, ed., American Contributions to the Eighth International Congress of Slavists, vol. 1, Linguistics and Poetics. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers.
- Tommola, Hannu, 2000, "On the Perfect in North Slavic." Östen Dahl (ed.), Tense and Aspect in the Languages of Europe. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 441-478.