Nuclear power in Turkey
Currently,
The nuclear power debate has a long history, with the 2018 construction start in Mersin Province being the sixth major attempt to build a nuclear power plant since 1960.[3] Nuclear power has been criticised as very expensive to taxpayers.[4]
Plans for Sinop Nuclear Power Plant and another at İğneada have stalled.[5] The country is considering buying small modular reactors.[6]
History
Early years
Turkey's nuclear activities started soon after the first
In 1993, a nuclear plant was included in the country's investment scheme. However, the revised bidding requirements were not issued until 1996. Bids were issued by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, the Westinghouse Electric Company-Mitsubishi Heavy Industries consortium and the Framatome-Siemens consortium for a 2000 MWe plant at Akkuyu. The final bid deadline was in 1997, but the government postponed its several times, until the preparations were scrapped due to financial difficulties.[5]
2000s
In May 2004, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources
A new legislation on the construction and maintenance of nuclear power plants was enacted by the
A civil nuclear deal with the United States came into effect in 2008,[12] a nuclear cooperation deal with South Korea was established in June 2010,[13] and two more deals were signed with China in 2012.[14] The following year, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) performed the Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) in Turkey to evaluate the country's advancement in the planning for a new nuclear power scheme. Although the review was positive, the IAEA advised Turkey to complete the national nuclear energy strategy and to improve the regulating agency.[5]
Regulation and policy
In 2007 a bill concerning construction and operation of nuclear power plants and the sale of their electricity was passed by parliament. It also addresses waste management and decommissioning, providing for a National Radioactive Waste Account and a Decommissioning Account, which generators will pay into progressively.[15]
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has recommended "enacting a law on nuclear energy which establishes an independent regulatory body and putting a national policy in place that covers a wide range of issues, as well as further developing the required human resources".[16]
In 2018, Turkey created the
Research and development
Since 1979, a
Power plants
Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant
The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (Turkish: Akkuyu Nükleer Güç Santrali) is a large nuclear power plant in Turkey under construction located in Akkuyu, Büyükeceli, Mersin Province.[19] It is expected to generate around 10% of the country's electricity when completed.[20]
In May 2010,
The official launch ceremony took place in April 2015.[23]
It is expected to be the firstSinop Nuclear Power Plant
İğneada Nuclear Power Plant
In 2013 Turkish
In 2015 it was announced that
Public opinion
Anti nuclear movement
There have been anti-nuclear protests in the past, for example in April 2006, plans to build a nuclear reactor on the Ince peninsula caused a large anti-nuclear demonstration in the Turkish city of Sinop.[30] Greenpeace, who have expressed concerns over earthquakes and the ability of the authorities to protect the public, have opposed these proposals.[31] There are concerns that no site for the waste has yet been selected.[32] In 2022 an opposition MP in Mersin said he was against Akkuyu because it is 51% owned by Russia.[33]
Economics
Financing is provided by Russian investors, with 93% from a Rosatom subsidiary. Up to 49% of shares may be sold later to other investors.[34]
Turkish Electricity Trade and Contract Corporation (TETAS) has guaranteed the purchase of 70% power generated from the first two units and 30% from the third and fourth units over a 15-year power purchase agreement. Electricity will be purchased at a price of 12.35 US cents per kW·h and the remaining power will be sold in the open market by the producer.[35]According to energy analysts this price is high.[36][37]
According to President Erdoğan nuclear power will make the country more economically independent.
Waste
Signed contract for the Akkuyu plant foresees the return of nuclear fuel waste to Russia.[42] Other waste and waste from future plants may be stored in Turkey, although it is not yet known where.[43]
See also
- Turkish Atomic Energy Authority
- List of commercial nuclear reactors#Turkey
References
- ^ "Major components in place at Akkuyu 1 : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News".
- ^ https://www.energyconnects.com/news/utilities/2023/september/turkey-turns-to-china-for-next-step-in-nuclear-construction/
- ISSN 0301-4215.
- ^ "Critics say Turkey's unfinished nuclear plant already redundant – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". al-monitor.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Nuclear Power in Turkey". world-nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "TURKEY GREEN ENERGY AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES".
- ^ "History". taek.gov.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Nükleer santral ihalesi yakında". Radikal (in Turkish). 8 May 2004. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ enerji2023.org, 19 August 2013, [1] Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Nükleer için tarih: 2007". Radikal (in Turkish). 17 February 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Turkish parliament approves nuclear power law". Reuters. 9 November 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "U.S.-Turkey Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation". Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Turkey, South Korea sign cooperation MoU". World Nuclear News. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Dombey, Daniel (8 April 2012). "China edges ahead in Turkey nuclear race". Financial Times. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries". World Nuclear Association. April 2009. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
- ^ "IAEA Delivers Report on Nuclear Power Development to Turkey".
- ^ Aksoy, Tuğba (17 May 2019). "Turkish Nuclear Regulatory Authority – Energy and Natural Resources – Turkey". mondaq.com. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Turkey sets up new nuclear regulator – Nuclear Engineering International". Nuclear Engineering International magazine. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ "Welcome to the site of Akkuyu NPP JSC!". Akkuyu NGS location. Akkuyu NGS A.Ş., akkunpp.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ "Turkey's nuclear power plant to produce 10% of electricity need". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ "Russian plant for Turkey's Akkuyu". World Nuclear News. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
- ^ "Russia And Turkey Sign Akkuyu Site Preparation Contract". NucNet. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
- ^ "Smirnov: Akkuyu Nükleer Santral inşaatı 2018'de başlayabilir". World Nuclear News. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ "How They Do It: Turkey".
- ^ "The Akkuyu NPP and Russian-Turkish Nuclear Cooperation: Asymmetries and risks – Ioannis N. Grigoriadis and Eliza R. Gheorghe". ΕΛΙΑΜΕΠ. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Sweet, Rod (12 July 2023). "Turkey in talks with China, Russia, and Korea over more nuclear plants". Global Construction Review. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Turkey, Japan sign $22 bln deal for Sinop nuclear plant". Hürriyet Daily News. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
- ^ "Nuclear Power in Turkey | Nuclear Energy in Turkey – World Nuclear Association". world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Turkey Plans to Build Nuclear Power Plant Close to Border with Bulgaria – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency". novinite.com. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "Thousands protest Turkey's plans to build nuclear power plant", AP Worldstream, 29 April 2006 (Retrieved 2010-11-08, 0410 UTC).
- ^ "Greenpeace protests at Turkey's nuclear power plant". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
- ^ DİRESKENELİ, Haluk (3 January 2020). "Enerji piyasalarında 2020 yılı öngörüleri – Haluk DİRESKENELİ". Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ "CHP'li Başarır uyardı: 'Nükleer santralin yüzde 51'i Rusların olacak'". cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "A case study of a Russian international project: Turkey's Akkuyu project". Nuclear Engineering International. 3 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ "The Akkuyu Nuclear Plant: What Exactly is Going On?". turkeywonk.wordpress.com. WordPress.com. 16 April 2014. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
- ^ DİRESKENELİ, Haluk (3 January 2020). "Enerji piyasalarında 2020 yılı öngörüleri". Enerji Günlüğü (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
- ^ Sonmez, Mustafa (15 December 2020). "Critics say Turkey's unfinished nuclear plant already redundant". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ "Turkey to begin work on 2 more nuclear power plants: Erdoğan". Daily Sabah. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ a b DifiglioGürayMerdan (2020), p. 72.
- ^ DifiglioGürayMerdan (2020), p. 69.
- ^ "Turkish Parliament Approved Long-Awaited Nuclear Regulation". Turkish Parliament Approved Long-Awaited Nuclear Regulation. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "The Akkuyu NPP and Russian-Turkish Nuclear Cooperation: Asymmetries and risks – Ioannis N. Grigoriadis and Eliza R. Gheorghe". ΕΛΙΑΜΕΠ. 20 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Algedik, Önder (13 October 2021). "New laws to turn Turkey into a nuclear waste dump". Duvar. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Sources
- Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). Turkey Energy Outlook. iicec.sabanciuniv.edu (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). ISBN 978-605-70031-9-5.
External links
- Nuclear Power in Turkey, World Nuclear Association
- A Study on the Security and Safety Aspects of Switching to Nuclear Power in Turkey