Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada
The orders, decorations, and medals of Canada comprise a complex system by which
The monarch is regarded as the
There also exist in Canada numerous awards distributed by and/or named for members of the royal family or viceroys. These are not, however, included in Canada's formal honours system.
History
Imperial and colonial honours
Since as far back as the reign of
After the creation of British North America, Canadians were entitled to receive
This practice came into question in 1901, when Governor General
Canadian honours
Governor General the Viscount Monck had originally pushed for a distinct Canadian order of knighthood in 1867,[15] to be called the Order of St Lawrence. The idea was revived by Vincent Massey in 1935 and again in 1951, in between which he also suggested in 1940 a Royal Order of Canada. The Canadian Cabinet, however, never accepted these proposals, generally wishing instead to steer clear of the controversial topic of orders.[13] Still, the beginnings of a distinct Canadian honours system came in March 1934, with the creation of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal by royal warrant of King George V, issued on the advice of the Cabinet of R. B. Bennett; this was the first time an honour specific to Canada and for service in Canada had been established by the monarch of Canada (as opposed to earlier campaign and service medals that had been issued to Canadians and British personnel alike by the British monarch). There was uncertainty amongst officials in Canada and Britain alike around how to go about creating such an honour, and delays were incurred not only as Canadian bureaucrats interpreted the Nickle Resolution as applying to medals, but also because the King himself was widening the project to consider all the Empire police forces.[2]
This process was refined through the Second World War and Korean War,[16] though the pool of available honours became smaller and smaller as the decades progressed; non-titular British honours continued to be granted until 1946 and, from 1950 and 1953, only British military decorations were permitted.[13] In 1942, the Canada Medal was created by royal warrant of King George VI, though none was ever struck,[13] and the Canadian Forces' Decoration was founded in 1947. Though the Letters Patent of 1947 issued by the King permitted the governor general to exercise most of the monarch's royal prerogative on his behalf, it was agreed between George VI and his Canadian Prime Minister at the time, William Lyon Mackenzie King, that the sovereign alone would retain the prerogative to create new honours.[17] In 1951, the first distinctly Canadian campaign medal, the Korea Medal, was created, when other Commonwealth countries used the British version.[18]
The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 provided the right opportunity and circumstances in which to establish Canada's first order: the Order of Canada.[19] The system was revised in 1972 and has since expanded,[20] mostly through the 1990s,[13] and generally attracted little criticism; indeed, the orders, decorations, and medals of Canada inspired other Commonwealth realms, such as Australia and New Zealand, to adopt similar approaches in their respective jurisdictions, as did each of Canada's provinces. However, some experts in the field, such as Christopher McCreery, have pointed out what they see as deficiencies in the construct: At the 2006 conference on Commonwealth Honours, the concern was raised that Canada does not have a way to recognize the nation's very best; the three grades of the Order of Canada being insufficient to do so. It was suggested that either two more levels be added to the Order of Canada, equivalent to knighthoods in Australian and British orders, or create a new single class but limited-membership order, similar to the Order of New Zealand. The order of precedence also came under scrutiny, particularly the anomaly that all three grades of the Order of Canada supersede the top levels of each of the other orders, contrary to international practice.[13] McCreery echoed these comments in 2010 and added that the Canadian honours system was lacking a polar medal (which was created in 2015), such as those issued in other northern nations, as well as a public service order, akin to the Imperial Service Order, and honours to specifically recognise protective services other than the police forces.[21]
In June 2010, McCreery highlighted inconsistency in honouring those in
Structure and the creation of honours
All honours in Canada emanate from the
The momentum to create a new honour typically originates at either the Chancellery of Honours or the
In the Canadian structure, unlike its counterparts in Britain and other countries, nominees names are put forward to the governor general by independent committees, which in turn receive nominations from the public, in an attempt to create a non-partisan process that avoids political controversy.[33][34] Most orders have a unique advisory committee, consisting of individuals relevant to the scope of the particular order, all appointed by the governor general or a delegate; for instance, the Advisory Committee for the Order of Military Merit has six members: one appointed by the governor general, four by the chief of the Defence Staff, and the chief of the Defence Staff him or herself.[35] There are also advisory councils or committees for decorations in general and for valour decorations, specifically.[36][37] The secretary to the governor general will usually serve as secretary general to many of these boards.[35]
The Canadian honours system also includes two
Orders
Canada has both
Order of Merit
Admission to the Order of Merit (
Order of Canada
The Order of Canada (French: Ordre du Canada) is the country's second highest civilian honour for merit and is administered by the governor general-in-Council, on behalf of the monarch of Canada.[43] Created in 1967, appointment is granted to those who adhere to the order's motto Desiderantes meliorem patriam (Latin for: 'desiring a better country'),[44] meaning that, in essence, the honour recognises lifetime contributions made by Canadians who made a major difference to Canada, or non-Canadians who made the world better by their actions.[45] Musicians, politicians, artists, entertainers, benefactors, and many more have been accepted into the order; since its creation, more than 8,000 people have been appointed to the Order of Canada.[46] The order, of which the monarch is Sovereign and the serving governor general is Chancellor and Principal Companion, is currently composed of three grades: Companion (CC), Officer (OC), and Member (CM).
For each grade, there is an extraordinary category reserved for those members of the royal family nominated and approved for appointment. Upon taking office, governors general and viceregal consorts become Extraordinary Companions for life or until removal from the order.[26]
Order of Military Merit
The Order of Military Merit (
For each grade, there is an extraordinary category reserved for those members of the royal family in the Canadian Forces nominated and approved for appointment. Upon taking office, governors general become Extraordinary Commanders for life or until removal from the order.[27]
Order of Merit of the Police Forces
Members of Canada's various police bodies who have demonstrated conspicuous merit and exceptional service are inducted into the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (French: Ordre du mérite des corps policiers), which was created in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II. As with the Order of Military Merit, the reigning monarch is the Sovereign of the order, while the governor general is the Chancellor and the commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police acts as Principal Commander.[50] The order has three grades: Commander (COM), Officer (OOM), and Member (MOM).
Royal Victorian Order
The Royal Victorian Order (
Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (
Currently, there are approximately 5,500 active Canadian members in the Order,[59] induction being granted by nomination only to Canadian citizens or permanent residents at or over the age of 18. This is done at the discretion of the Sovereign Head of the Order, King Charles III, on the advice of the Prior.[60]
In Canada, the order has five grades: Bailiffs or Dames Grand Cross (GCStJ),[61] Knight or Dame (KStJ or DStJ), Commander (CStJ), Officer (OStJ), and Member (MStJ). Esquires are not members of the Order but instead members of the Priory.
Decorations
Decorations are awarded for gallantry, civilian bravery, or meritorious services; only the Royal Victorian Medal (post-nominal letters RVM, French: Médaille royale de Victoria), a decoration associated with the Royal Victorian Order, is not slotted into any of the three aforementioned categories. They are similar to national orders, are created by the sovereign and conferred by her or her viceroy, and are worn on the left side of the jacket or dress. Decorations also entitle the recipient to post-nominal letters.[13]
Military valour decorations
The military valour decorations were created on 2 February 1993 by Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of her Cabinet under then-Prime Minister
The Victoria Cross (post-nominal letters VC, French: Croix de Victoria) is the highest award for valour available to members of the Canadian Forces of any rank, in any service, and allies serving under or with Canadian military command. Based on the British version of the same medal, it is only awarded for extraordinary valour and devotion to duty while facing a hostile force.[64] Prior to 1993, the original Victoria Cross was awarded to 94 Canadians,[65] none of whom are now living; since its creation, no Canadian Victoria Cross has been issued.
The
The Medal of Military Valour (post-nominal letters MMV, French: Médaille de la vaillance militaire) is awarded to members of the Canadian Forces for "an act of valour or devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy."[62] The medal, too, was only first awarded in 2006 and may be earned multiple times,[68] marked by the addition of bars to the medal's ribbon.
Bravery decorations
Established on 1 May 1972 by Queen Elizabeth II, on the advice of her Cabinet headed by Pierre Trudeau, the bravery decorations are awarded to any person who risked his or her life to save or protect another person; it is not necessary that the incident take place in Canada, and no particular person must be Canadian, but it is required that at least one individual involved in the occurrence be a Canadian citizen. Nominations must be made within two years of the incident, or within two years after a court or a coroner has concluded its review on the circumstances surrounding the incident or act of bravery, and each decoration may be awarded posthumously.[69]
The Cross of Valour (post-nominal letters CV, French: Croix de la vaillance) is the highest ranking of the Canadian bravery decorations,[70] and is awarded for "acts of the most conspicuous courage in circumstances of extreme peril." It was intended to both replace the never-issued Medal of Courage of the Order of Canada, and to act as the Canadian equivalent of the George Cross.[71] It was presented for the first time on 20 July 1972.
Presented to both living and deceased individuals deemed to have performed "acts of conspicuous courage in circumstances of great peril,"[72] the Star of Courage (post-nominal letters SC, French: Étoile du Courage) is the second-highest ranking of Canadian bravery decorations.[70] As of April 2018, the Star of Courage has been presented to 458 people, though no bars have yet been issued.[73]
The Medal of Bravery (post-nominal letters MB, French: Médaille de la Bravoure) is the third rank of the bravery decorations, awarded in recognition of "acts of bravery in hazardous circumstances,"[70] and has been awarded most frequently; as of April 2018, 3,304 medals had been awarded.[74]
Meritorious service decorations
The meritous service decorations are each divided into military and civilian categories, which each may be awarded to both Canadians and non-Canadians. The set of awards was initially formed on 11 June 1984 by Queen Elizabeth II,[75] on the advice of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, but consisted of decorations available only to Canadian Forces personnel; it was on 6 June 1991 that the civilian classifications were added.[76]
The Meritorious Service Cross (post-nominal letters MSC, French: Croix du service méritoire) is intended to recognize individuals—both Canadian and foreign—who have carried out meritorious acts bringing benefit and honour.[77] The military division recognises highly professional acts that are of considerable benefit to the Canadian Forces, while its civilian counterpart honours similar acts—whether in athletics, diplomatic relations, humanitarian activities, etc.—that benefit the nation.[76]
The Meritorious Service Medal (post-nominal letters MSM, French: Médaille du service méritoire) is the secondary meritorious service decoration and recognises highly professional acts that are of considerable benefit to the Canadian Forces by military personnel, and to the nation by civilians.[75][77]
Royal Victorian Chain
The Royal Victorian Chain is a decoration created in 1902 by King Edward VII as a personal gift of the monarch. Originally reserved for members of the royal family, the chain is a distinct award conferred only upon the highest dignitaries, including foreign monarchs, heads of state, and high-ranking individuals. It is an element of the Canadian honours system,[78] but not included in the order of precedence for the wear of honours, decorations, and medals.[n 1] It does not provide recipients with any title or post-nominal letters and there is no associated ribbon for men; however, women can wear the insignia on a bow fashioned from the ribbon of the RVC. Former Governors General Vincent Massey and Roland Michener were both given the RVC by Queen Elizabeth II; the second and third commoners to receive the honour.[80]
Medals
Canada has various types of medals, some part of the official honours system and others not. Those in the former category tend to be related to state organisations, such as police forces, fire protection, or the military. These can be further sub-categorised into long service and campaign medals. Others are awarded to military and civilians alike for anniversaries—the Canadian Centennial or the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, for example—or for community service. Still others are awarded by international organisations and integrated into the Canadian honours structure; the United Nations Medals and North Atlantic Treaty Organization medals, for example. As medals are awarded more widely than orders or decorations, they are typically presented by higher-ranking officials in the organization the recipient is a part of.[13] Only the Canadian Forces Decoration grants a holder the use of post-nominal letters.
Sacrifice medals
Within the Canadian system of honours are medals that specifically recognise death or severe injury in the course of military service. The
Campaign medals
Canada's campaign medals are a continuation of the tradition of the monarch recognising service in a designated military operation or performance of duty in a geographical theatre; save for the General Campaign Stars and Medals, each is associated with a particular conflict. The general star and medal are issued for any active service in a combat zone, which one or ones being distinguished by additional clasps that are worn on the medal's ribbon. Such medals presently recognised in the Canadian honours system are:
- Korea Medal: recognising combat service in the Korean War, 1950–1953
- Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea: recognising non-combat service in the Korea War, 1950–1953
- Gulf and Kuwait Medal: recognising service in the Gulf War, 1990–1991
- Somalia Medal: recognising service in the Somali Civil War, 1992–1993
- South-West Asia Service Medal: recognising service in campaigns against terrorism in South-West Asia
- General Campaign Star: recognising combat service in various campaigns, a unique bar for each campaign
- Operational Service Medal: recognising combat and non-combat service in various campaigns, a unique ribbon for each campaign
Canadians earlier qualified for
Service medals
Polar and volunteer medals
The Polar Medal (French: Médaille polaire) and Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers (French: Médaille du souverain pour les bénévoles) were both created by Queen Elizabeth II in 2015, incorporating and replacing the Governor General's Northern Medal (established by Governor General Adrienne Clarkson in 2005) and the Governor General's Caring Canadian Award (established by Governor General Roméo LeBlanc in 1995), respectively.[88][89] This made them honours of the Crown, permitting them to be incorporated into the Canadian honours system.
Commemorative medals
Until 1977, the practice for coronation and jubilee medals was for authorities in the
- Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal: marking the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953
- Canadian Centennial Medal: marking the 100th anniversary of Canadian Confederation, 1967
- Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal: marking the 25th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II, 1977
- 125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal: marking the 125th anniversary of Canadian Confederation, 1992
- Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal: marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II, 2002
- Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal: marking the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II, 2012
- Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal (provincial): marking the 70th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II, 2022
Earlier commemorative medals for Canada or given to Canadians included:
- Confederation Medal: marking the confederation of Canada, 1867[91][92]
- Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal: marking the 50th anniversary of the accession of Queen Victoria, 1887[93]
- Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal: marking the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Victoria, 1897[94]
- King Edward VII Coronation Medal: marking the coronation of King Edward VII, 1902
- King George V Coronation Medal: marking the coronation of King George V, 1911
- Confederation Diamond Jubilee Medal: marking the 60th anniversary of Canadian Confederation, 1927[92]
- King George V Silver Jubilee Medal: marking the 25th anniversary of the accession of King George V, 1935
- King George VI Coronation Medal: marking the coronation of King George VI, 1937
Long service and good conduct medals
The
Other long service medals include:
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal
- Service Medal of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
- Commissionaires Long Service Medal
Exemplary service medals
- Police Exemplary Service Medal
- Corrections Exemplary Service Medal
- Fire Services Exemplary Service Medal
- Canadian Coast Guard Exemplary Service Medal
- Emergency Medical Services Exemplary Service Medal
- Peace Officer Exemplary Service Medal
Other
Provinces and territories
The
Imperial and foreign honours
State honours bestowed upon a Canadian by a foreign government must be approved by the governor general-in-Council before the insignia, decoration, or medal may be worn. Those for honours bestowed by other Commonwealth countries are worn, in the order of date of appointment or award, following all those for Canadian honours, should the recipient have any. The same from countries not in the Commonwealth are worn after those from Commonwealth countries, again in order of date of appointment or award. However, the insignia of orders, as well as medals and decorations, within the Imperial (i.e. British) honours system that were received by a Canadian prior to 1 June 1972 have a different order of wear, mixed with the designated order for Canadian honours.[96]
Canadians remain eligible for appointment into the Order of the Companions of Honour, as its statutes set aside a specific number of the order's total 65 places for residents of Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and 11 for those from any other Commonwealth country. Appointments are made on the recommendation of the appropriate cabinet. The order currently has three Canadian members: John de Chastelain, Margaret MacMillan, and Margaret Atwood, who were nominated by the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.[97]
Peerages
A number of distinctly Canadian titles have been granted by the sovereign. These include (with existent ones in italics):
- Longueuil, Quebec. Created in 1700, the present holder is Michael Grant, the 12th Baron de Longueuil.
- Baron Mount Stephen (of Mount Stephen in the Province of British Columbia and Dominion of Canada, and of Dufftown in the County of Banff),[98] named for Mount Stephen, British Columbia. Created in 1891, the title is extinct, the first and only holder being George Stephen.
- Baron Macdonald of Earnscliffe (in the Province of Ontario and Dominion of Canada),[99] named for Earnscliffe in Ottawa, Ontario. Created in 1891, the title is extinct, the last and only holder being Agnes Macdonald.
- Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal (of Mount Royal in the Province of Quebec and Dominion of Canada and of Glencoe in the County of Argyll), named for Strathcona County, Alberta and Mount Royal, Quebec. Created in 1900 (the original creation of 1897, without remainder to the first holder's only child, a daughter, is extinct), the present holder, since 2018, is Donald Alexander Euan Howard, fifth Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal.
- Baron Shaughnessy (of the City of Montreal in the Dominion of Canada and of Ashford in the County of Limerick), named for Shaughnessy, British Columbia. Created in 1916, the present holder is Charles Shaughnessy, the fifth Baron Shaughnessy.
- Baron Beaverbrook (of Beaverbrook in the Province of New Brunswick in the Dominion of Canada and of Cherkley in the County of Surrey), named for Beaverbrook, New Brunswick. Created in 1917, the present holder is Maxwell Aitken, the third Baron Beaverbrook.
- Baron Atholstan (of Huntingdon in the Province of Quebec in the Dominion of Canada and of the City of Edinburgh),[100] named for Huntingdon, Quebec. Created in 1917, the title is extinct, the last and only holder being Hugh Graham.
- Viscount Bennett (of Mickleham in the County of Surrey and of Calgary and Hopewell in the Dominion of Canada),Calgary, Alberta. Created in 1941, the title is extinct, the last and only holder being Richard Bedford Bennett.
Members of the
There are also 120
Arms, flags, and badges
The Canadian Heraldic Authority, which grants armorial bearings (coats of arms), flags, and badges to Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and corporate bodies, forms a part of the Canadian honours system; the granting of arms is regarded as an honour from the monarch, via the governor general, and thus are bestowed only on those whom the Chief Herald has deemed individuals worthy of receiving a grant of arms.[103]
See also
- Canadian order of precedence (decorations and medals)
- List of Canadian awards
- List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada
- List of post-nominal letters in Canada
- Commonwealth realms orders and decorations
- Queen's Scarf
- 1946 New Year Honours (Canada)
- 2017 Canada Day Honours
- 2018 New Year Honours (Canada)
- 2018 Canada Day Honours
- 2019 New Year Honours (Canada)
- 2019 Canada Day Honours
- 2020 New Year Honours (Canada)
- 2021 Canadian Honours List
Notes
Citations
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- ^ a b c McCreery 2010, p. 1
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- ^ McCreery 2005a, p. 22
- ^ McCreery 2005a, p. 23
- ^ McCreery 2005a, p. 26
- ^ McCreery 2005a, pp. 28–29
- ^ McCreery 2005a, p. 33
- ^ a b McCreery 2005a, p. 35
- ^ McCreery 2005a, p. 36
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jackson, Michael D. (2007). "Honours of the Crown" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Summer 2007 (26). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 10–11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
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- ^ McCreery 2005b
- ^ Taber, Jane (15 July 2009). "Chrétien 'thrilled' by rare honour from Queen". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
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(help) - ^ "Star of Military Valour (SMV)". Veterans Affairs Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 10 July 2017.
- ^ "Governor General announces the first-ever awarding of Military Valour Decorations" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Canada. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
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- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada (21 September 2017). "Decorations for Bravery". Queen's Printer for Canada.
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- ^ Veterans Affairs Canada (21 January 2020). "Cross of Valour (CV)". Queen's Printer for Canada.
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References
- ISBN 978-1-55002-554-5.
- ISBN 0-8020-3940-5.
- McCreery, Christopher (10 June 2010), The Crown and Honours: Getting it Right (PDF), Kingston: Queen's University Press, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2010, retrieved 11 August 2010
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-919801-10-3
- ISBN 978-1-5500-2748-8
- ISBN 978-1-100-54293-5
- ISBN 978-1-4597-2415-0
- ISBN 978-1-4597-0756-6
- ISBN 978-1-45973-657-3
- ISBN 978-1-100-23124-2
- ISBN 978-1-55002-740-2
- ISBN 978-1-100-54293-5
- Guide for the Wearing of Orders, Decorations and Medals (PDF), Office of the Secretary to the Governor General, 2013, ISBN 978-1-100-21887-8, archived from the original(PDF) on 4 March 2016
- The Register of Canadian Honours, Canadian Almanac and Directory, 1991, ISBN 1-895021-01-4
External links
- Department of National Defence (31 March 2005). "Canadian Honours and Awards bestowed upon members of the Canadian Forces" (PDF). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. A-AD-200-000/JD-001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- Department of National Defence. "Chief Military Personnel > Directorate of Honours and Recognition (DH&R) > Canadian Honours Chart". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2009.
- Department of National Defence (2007). "Honours & Recognition for the Men and Women of the Canadian Forces" (PDF). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
- Modern Honours of Canada – Veteran Affairs Canada
- Canadian Forces Administrative Order 18-4 Recommendations for Canadian Orders, Decorations and Military Honours
- The Gallantry Medallists' League