Adrienne Clarkson

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The Right Honourable
Adrienne Clarkson
伍冰枝
PC CC CMM COM CD FRSC(hon) FRAIC(hon) FRCPSC(hon)
Clarkson in 2011
26th Governor General of Canada
In office
October 7, 1999 – September 27, 2005
MonarchElizabeth II
Prime Minister
Preceded byRoméo LeBlanc
Succeeded byMichaëlle Jean
Personal details
Born
Adrienne Louise Poy

(1939-02-10) February 10, 1939 (age 85)
Victoria, Hong Kong
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1963; div. 1975)​
  • ​
    (m. 1999)​
Parent
Alma mater
ProfessionJournalist
Chinese name
Hanyu Pinyin
Wǔ Bīngzhī
JyutpingNg5 Bing1-zi1

Adrienne Louise Clarkson

26th since Canadian Confederation
.

Clarkson arrived in Canada with her family in 1941, as a refugee from Japanese-occupied Hong Kong, and was raised in Ottawa. After receiving a number of university degrees, Clarkson worked as a producer and broadcaster for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and a journalist for various magazines. Her first diplomatic posting came in the early 1980s, when she promoted Ontarian culture in France and other European countries. In 1999, she was appointed Governor General by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien, to replace Roméo LeBlanc as viceroy, a post which she occupied until 2005, when she was succeeded by Michaëlle Jean. While Clarkson's appointment as the Canadian vicereine was generally welcomed at first, she caused some controversy during her time serving as the Queen's representative, mostly due to costs incurred in the operation of her office, as well as a somewhat anti-monarchist attitude toward the position.

On October 3, 2005, Clarkson was sworn into the

Queen's Privy Council for Canada.[1] She subsequently published her memoirs, founded the Institute for Canadian Citizenship, and became Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
.

Early life and education

Clarkson is a

Victoria but was later sent back to Taishan, from where he made his way to Hong Kong. There, he worked with his father for the Canadian government and met and married Ethel Poy, with whom he had two children: Neville, born October 29, 1934, and Adrienne, born February 10, 1939. The elder went on to become a plastic surgeon in Toronto and married Vivienne Lee, who herself became a Senator.[4]

Clarkson describes one of her earliest memories as that of hiding in several Hong Kong basements during the

Department of External Affairs intervened and cited an unfilled quota in the prisoner of war exchange programme with the Japanese Imperial Forces that would permit the Poy family free passage into Canada.[5] The family settled in Ottawa, though William had lost almost all of his substantial fortune, and the Poys lived in a cramped duplex.[4] Clarkson attended public school in the city and, in October 1951, was lined up with her class to see Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), as the royal motorcade passed through the city.[6]

Trinity College
, where Clarkson enrolled in 1956

Clarkson graduated from

Trinity College. During her time there, Clarkson won a Governor General's Medal in English before graduating in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with honours in the subject, and then travelling with her parents to East and Southeast Asia. Clarkson went on to obtain her master's degree in English literature, also at the University of Toronto.[7] She began post-graduate work in 1962, at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, with a thesis on the poems of George Meredith
.

Journalism

After being introduced by a college friend in 1965 to the producers of Take 30—an afternoon variety show run by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)—Clarkson was hired by the Crown corporation as a freelance book reviewer. This marked the start of her nearly 30-year career with the CBC, as, after less than a year in her initial position, Clarkson was promoted to co-host, thus becoming one of the first members of a visible minority to obtain a prominent position on Canadian television. She remained with Take 30 for a decade, while also branching into print journalism by becoming a regular contributor to such publications as Maclean's and Chatelaine. Similarly, Clarkson wrote and published her own romantic fiction novels: A Lover More Condoling in 1968, and Hunger Trace in 1970.[8] Beyond these, her non-fiction book True to You in My Fashion: A Woman Talks to Men About Marriage—a collection of interviews with men on the subject of divorce—was published in 1971, during which time her first marriage had hit a hard patch.

In 1974, Clarkson began her own public affairs television show Adrienne at Large, though this was not particularly successful and lasted less than four months. The series did, however, allow her to travel extensively outside of Canada, as she recorded segments for the show in locations such as

The Fifth Estate as a means for meeting Canadian content requirements. Clarkson was brought on to co-host with Warner Troyer for the first season, but, due to persistent problems between the two, Troyer left the series, leaving Clarkson to host with Peter Reilly and Eric Malling thereafter. She focused on investigative journalism and gained prominence after an in-depth study of the McCain family's business practices led a Senator to publicly accuse her of being un-naturalised.[4]

After winning several

McClelland and Stewart, at a time when the publisher was in financial difficulty. Clarkson was not only unsuccessful at improving the company's fiscal problems, she was also highly unpopular with employees, and resigned herself after 18 months that saw several protest resignations; the imprint
Adrienne Clarkson Books does, however, remain with McClelland and Stewart.

Clarkson opted to return to television, hosting through mid-1988 Adrienne Clarkson Summer Festival, which became popular enough to be picked up and repackaged as

Gémeaux Award (the French language equivalent of a Gemini) for Adrienne Clarkson Presents. Her precise diction and sometimes haughty demeanour did sometimes become the occasional subject of satire, however; most famously in the CBC Radio series Double Exposure, where co-creator Linda Cullen mimicked Clarkson with the line: "I'm Adrienne Clarkson, and you're not" (derived from Chevy Chase's early Saturday Night Live
refrain).

Throughout the 1990s—during which time she also wrote and produced films, such as The Lust In His Eye: Visions of James Wilson Morrice and Borduas and Me and Artemisia

Canadian Museum of Civilization, and later, to the Canadian War Museum as well, all while she continued to host her show.[10] It was during this time that the War Museum announced the decision to build the structure which now houses its collection, and which Clarkson opened as Governor General in May 2005.[11]

Governor General of Canada

Clarkson was the first visible minority and

Chinese Canadian, and the first without a military or political background. She was also the second person to have been appointed to the Order of Canada prior to nomination as governor general-designate, after Jules Léger. Clarkson brought with her a new approach to the governor generalcy, and dedicated much of her self-imposed mandate to drawing national attention to Northern Canada
.

As governor general-designate

It was on September 8, 1999, announced from the Office of the Prime Minister of Canada that Queen Elizabeth II had approved Prime Minister Jean Chrétien's choice of Clarkson to succeed Roméo LeBlanc as the Queen's representative.[12][13] The commission appointing Clarkson was issued on September 28 under the royal sign-manual and Great Seal of Canada.[14] At the time of the announcement of her appointment, it was revealed that, with Clarkson being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her longtime partner, John Ralston Saul, the official appointment would be bringing an unofficial pair to the viceregal post,[4][8] in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture.

In office

Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
, in the creation of which Clarkson assisted, and which she dedicated in May 2000

Bond with the military

On October 8, 1999, Clarkson was sworn in as the 26th Governor General of Canada, and was soon actively participating in her role, becoming immediately instrumental in the final stages of the repatriation of

the tomb's dedication ceremony on May 28, 2000, was described by the Royal Canadian Legion as "powerful",[16] and led journalist John Fraser to state: "You have to go back pretty far to find anyone who stirred national emotions the way Clarkson did with her magnificent speech..."[17] In the same vein, after a decade of inaction on the part of the Cabinet, Clarkson moved to have Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry honoured with the Commander-in-Chief's Unit Commendation, on behalf of the Queen,[17]
beginning a long relationship between Clarkson and the regiment.

Following the

commander-in-chief of the Canadian Forces, visited in 2002 the Canadian troops serving in the Afghan theatre. This trip, plus similar ones she undertook during her tenure—such as those to Kosovo to meet with Canadian troops, to the Persian Gulf to spend Christmas with members of the Armed Forces on a Canadian destroyer, and again to Afghanistan to spend New Year's with Canadian soldiers—won her acclaim for being the first governor general since at least 1945 to take seriously the duties associated with the commander-in-chief title,[19]
which was credited for helping to boost pride in the Canadian Forces.

More robust viceregal office

Clarkson took a proactive role in increasing the stature of the Canadian viceregal office, travelling widely, hosting lavish state events, and hosting conferences and forums. However, criticism soon ensued over the way her office was spending Crown funds, as, during her tenure, expenditures at Rideau Hall increased 200%; the budget for 2003 was estimated at

Department of Foreign Affairs that commissioned and paid for the trip with funds approved by parliament. When the end cost for the trips came in at CAD$5 million, a scheduled continuation of the tour that would have included visits to Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Greenland was scrapped by the federal government in early 2004.[21] John Fraser later stated Prime Minister Paul Martin left Clarkson to defend herself because he "clearly didn't like her very much" and "even if it was Madam Clarkson's (and John Ralston Saul's) own imaginative idea, it had been officially supported by the government, and no appointed high official should ever be abandoned like that. Not only should she have been defended publicly, we were made to look foolish in the eyes of the countries who had to be informed that the trip to such great allies as Sweden, Norway and Denmark (plus its province of Greenland) was called off".[22]

Clarkson and John Ralston Saul (at right) greet the President of Russia Vladimir Putin and his wife, Lyudmila Putina, at Rideau Hall, December 18, 2000

From that time on, Clarkson and her office faced intense scrutiny. By November 2004, it was announced that Clarkson's budget would be cut by ten percent, despite the fact that parliament itself had approved her budget each year. Then, in March 2005, she again faced questions about spending after it was reported that she had been advised by Martin to make official visits to

liberation of the Netherlands, and participate in Victory in Europe Day celebrations in Moscow, respectively.[23][24] Clarkson waited until less than two weeks after the end of her time serving as governor general before she publicly criticised Jean Chrétien and the Cabinet under his chairmanship for not defending the viceregal office, and reaffirmed that she had been asked by the Department of Foreign Affairs to take each of her state trips in the first place.[25]

At the same time, Clarkson's unorthodox mode of exercising the Office of the Governor General led to negative critiques of how she carried out a number of ceremonial duties. In June 2004, the Governor General and her office were targeted by

Jack Granatstein alleged that this arrangement had displeased the Queen and "there was fury."[27] Government House later retracted its head of state statement, saying that it was the error of a junior official, but why the protocol was altered was never explained.[28] At Remembrance Day ceremonies, the Governor General also caused a stir when she eschewed the tradition of placing the first wreath at the cenotaph in favour of doing so simultaneously with her husband; a practice that was discontinued by Clarkson's viceregal successor. Then, during a visit to Vancouver
in September of the same year, Clarkson was booed and hissed at by a small but vocal group of protesters. She was on a goodwill tour of a poor area of the city; however, the protesters argued that her visit was nothing more than a publicity stunt to try to gain some of her lost popular support to get her time in office extended.

In January 2005, disappointment was further expressed over Clarkson's failure to attend a memorial service for Alberta's late lieutenant governor, Lois Hole.[29][30] Rideau Hall issued a statement saying the Governor General was, at the time, abroad representing Canada at the inauguration of the President of Ukraine, Victor Yushchenko. However, the inauguration was postponed, and it was felt that Clarkson could have returned to Canada for the service. When it was later reported by the Toronto Sun and The Globe and Mail that Clarkson would wait in Paris, France, for the rescheduled presidential investiture, more outrage was expressed in the press, which was only compounded when Rideau Hall informed the public that the Governor General would also attend a "long-standing engagement" with the Queen at Sandringham House, contradicting reports that Buckingham Palace had said the dinner was actually booked at the last minute. In response, some monarchists began lobbying Clarkson to resign, had she willingly used the Queen for publicity and damage control purposes.

Extended tenure

Regardless of the controversies, Clarkson was asked, and agreed, to remain in the Queen's service for an additional year beyond the traditional, but not official, five-year period. Though the decision was met with mixed feelings from across the country,

confidence of the House of Commons, leaving the Governor General to decide whether or not to ask the leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, then Stephen Harper, to form a government, or to call a general election. Ultimately, circumstances played out so that Clarkson's personal involvement was rendered unnecessary.[32]

Soon after, however, on July 8, 2005, Clarkson was admitted to hospital in

Governor General's Northern Medal, to be awarded annually to a citizen whose actions and achievements had contributed to the evolution and constant reaffirmation of the Canadian North as part of the national identity.[33]

During her last days in office, Clarkson's popularity with the Armed Forces was expressed in a large farewell ceremony mounted by the military; the first ever such send-off for a governor general. Similarly, on the morning of September 26, 2005, Clarkson attended a celebration on Parliament Hill in which

viceregal flag that flew atop the Peace Tower when Clarkson was present in parliament.[34] Then, following tradition, Clarkson and Saul planted on Rideau Hall's grounds, two ceremonial trees (swamp white oaks) to mark the end of the former's time in office,[35] and the next day, Clarkson's time as vicereine ended when her successor, Michaëlle Jean, was sworn in as Governor General of Canada. However, Clarkson caused yet another controversy when she decided, with Jean's consent, to attend Jean's investiture, marking the first time in more than a century that a governor general had attended the swearing-in of his or her successor.[34]

Legacy

Clarkson was seen as having brought new life to the post of governor general, receiving praise through her first years in office for being a more modern governor general who brought increased public attention to the position;

Governor General's Awards for literature— and for sports, as demonstrated in her creation on September 14, 2005, of the Clarkson Cup for women's hockey in Canada. John Fraser in 2012 stated of Clarkson: "[N]o one, in the whole history of Rideau Hall, ever evoked the country quite as effectively".[22]

Other summaries of Clarkson's time as governor general, however, found that the increased travel abroad attracted negative attention to the viceregal post over costs and caused conflict between domestic duties and foreign obligations. Also, it was observed that Clarkson had succumbed too easily to the desires of her advisors— both in the prime minister's and Privy Council offices, as well as amongst the staff of Government House— to turn the viceregal post into something it was not: Canada's head of state. Clarkson had expressed admiration for the Queen, was said to understand "the lustre the Crown affords," and to have "shudder[ed] a little in sympathy with members of the Royal Family at the degree of intrusion into their lives they must bear."[17] But the systematic downplaying of the monarch led to confusion over who was head of state and there was a sense that,[29] by taking this view, Clarkson and her office were overturning the long-standing theory that all the viceroys and their respective jurisdictions are equal under a sovereign who reigns consistently over the whole country.[39][40] When Clarkson attended a provincial occasion, her protocol officers insisted that she take precedence over the pertinent lieutenant governor and denied knowledge of the established order in which the lieutenant governor, as a direct representative of the Queen in a province, takes precedence at a provincial function over all other attendees, save for the monarch. These situations would result in "precedence battles", in which the provincial authorities would frequently acquiesce to pressure and ultimatums from Rideau Hall.[41] Clarkson also took the place of the monarch in presenting to the next vicereine the Chancellor's insignia of the Order of Canada, thereby breaking the order's "first and oldest tradition"; a move Canada's expert on honours, Christopher McCreery, called "a rather bizarre turn of events".[42] The Monarchist League of Canada even reported that a member of parliament had telephoned to ask if they had ever before heard of the eruption of booing at the mention of the governor general's name, as had apparently happened in the MP's riding when Clarkson was spoken about.[29]

Post-viceregal life

After leaving Rideau Hall, Clarkson and Saul purchased a new home in Toronto's the Annex district, taking possession at the end of September 2005. She also signed a deal with Penguin Canada to publish her memoirs in two books. The first, Heart Matters, was published in September 2006, making Clarkson the third former governor general to release an autobiography.[n 1] In the first half of the book, Clarkson outlined her childhood in Ottawa and her career in the CBC, while the second half covered her time as governor general, and contained her own positive views of Jean Chrétien and negative views of Paul Martin. The book was met with mixed reviews, however,[n 2] and her expressed opinion that future nominees for appointment as governor general should be voted on in the House of Commons was condemned by monarchists, though supported by Macleans.[45]

During an October 2006 interview on

Congressional Confirmation Hearings in the United States.[46] She then went further to say that the candidate should also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana.[47] Though a University of Toronto political scientist stated this would "strengthen the legitimacy of the governor-general as a non-partisan umpire," the editorial board of the Montreal Gazette said that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap" and Clarkson's process would undermine the impartiality of the viceroy.[48]

Clarkson was on February 7, 2007, appointed by the Queen as

Colonel-in-Chief of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, replacing the Countess Mountbatten of Burma, and commented that she was "deeply honoured" and proud to accept the role.[49] The ceremony to mark her appointment took place on March 17 at the regimental headquarters in Edmonton.[50] Clarkson is also vice-chair of the board of directors of the dance company La La La Human Steps and, in 2014, was announced as the presenter of that year's Massey Lectures.[51] Her lectures, which were also published in book form, were on the theme of "Belonging: The Paradox of Citizenship".[51]

Personal life

Since the 1980s, Clarkson has been in a relationship with Canadian writer and philosopher

sudden infant death syndrome. Adrienne and Stephen divorced four years later. Her daughters have been estranged from her and were adopted by Christine McCall, Stephen Clarkson’s second wife.[52] Blaise is a family doctor in Toronto[53][54] and Kyra an architect in New York and since relocated back to Toronto.[55]

A member of the

Anglican Church in Hong Kong. Clarkson chose to attend Trinity College at the University of Toronto because of its Anglican associations, and, while there, she casually dated divinity student Michael Peers, who would later become an archbishop and primate of the Anglican Church of Canada. This friendship was maintained over the years, and Peers presided over Clarkson's marriage to Saul, officiated at her installation as governor general, and presided over the funerals of both her parents. Clarkson is also credited for returning prayer to the viceregal installation ceremony, which had been removed when Roméo LeBlanc was installed in 1995.[56]

Clarkson was admired by the faithful for being open about her religious beliefs during her time in Rideau Hall. In a December 2005 interview with the Anglican Journal, she was quoted as saying about the Anglican elements of her heraldic arms that "I am an Anglican and that is part of my life; that I really feel at home in the Anglican Communion."[57] In this same interview, she criticized conservatives for creating what she called the "deep divide" in the Anglican church regarding homosexuality. Clarkson was also noted for visiting Anglican churches around Canada on her many tours, saying that she enjoyed seeing how the church fit in communities in all parts of Canada. Her public faith, however, was also the cause of controversy: She received particular criticism when she was seen taking communion in a Catholic church since that denomination does not permit open communion.[58][59]

Honours

Ribbon bars of Adrienne Clarkson



Appointments
Medals
Awards
  • 1973: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Documentary: The Desert is Dying[70]
  • 1974: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Public Affairs Broadcaster[70]
  • 1976: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists Gordon Sinclair Award for Integrity in Broadcasting[70]
  • 1982: Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists ACTRA Award for Best Host-Interviewer[70]
  • 1993:
    Gemini Award for Best Host in Performing Arts Series[70]
  • 1993: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Prix Anik for Best Entertainment Series: Adrienne Clarkson Presents
  • 1995: Gemeaux Award Meilleur pour Meilleur Spécial pour les Arts de la Scène: Peau, Chair et Os[70]
  • 2009: Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Award Winner[71]
  • November 19, 2010: Vimy Award[72]
Award nominations
  • 1992: Gemini Award: Best Host in a Light Information, Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
  • 1993: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents – shared with Gordon Stewart
  • 1994: Gemini Award: Donald Brittain Award for Best Social/Political Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
  • 1994: Gemini Award: Best Host in a Lifestyle Information, Variety or Performing Arts Program or Series for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
  • 1995: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents
  • 1998: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents: Black and White to Colour: The Making of "The English Patient"
  • 1998: Gemini Award: Best Performing Arts Program or Series, or Arts Documentary Program for Adrienne Clarkson Presents[73]
Foreign honours

Honorary military appointments

Honorary degrees

Fellowships and memberships

Honorific eponyms

Awards
Schools

Arms

Coat of arms of Adrienne Clarkson
Notes
Just prior to her installation as Governor General, Clarkson was granted a personal coat of arms that depicted her Chinese roots as well as her adopted Canadian life.
Adopted
October 1, 2000
Crest
A loon (Gavia immer) calling proper naiant within a circlet of trillium flowers Argent seeded Or
Escutcheon
Gules a Chinese phoenix regarding a lightning flash and rising from flames issuant from a maple leaf the whole ensigned by a representation of the Royal Crown all Or
Supporters
Two tigers Or and Argent embellished Sable each gorged with a ribbon Gules, pendant therefrom a plate surmounted by a cross Gules
Compartment
Rocks set with four wind-swept jack pines proper
Motto
Verum Solum Dicatur, Verum Solum Accipiatur
(May only the truth be spoken, may only the truth be heard)
Orders
The ribbon and insignia of a Companion of the Order of Canada.
Desiderantes Meliorem Patriam
(They desire a better country)
Symbolism
The
Qing Dynasty
, embodies the female principle, and represents virtues in both Eastern and Western cultures: justice, prudence, fortitude, and temperance in Western mythology, and benevolence, righteousness, reverence, wisdom, and trust in Eastern mythology. The lightning flash stands for Clarkson's career as a television journalist, and the royal crown embodies the governor general's service as the sovereign's representative.

The trilliums represent both Clarkson's home province of Ontario, as well as the meaning of her Chinese first name, which is a metaphor for "ice flowering branch", while tigers are Clarkson's favourite animals, and represent the year in which she was born. The cross and white disc are based on the Anglican Church of Canada's badge. The rocks and trees represent the landscape around Clarkson's cottage on Georgian Bay.[95]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ After the Earl Alexander of Tunis and Vincent Massey.
  2. Queen Mother for having used different china settings throughout a formal meal, calling Clarkson "prissy",[43] and Rex Murphy deemed Clarkson as hypocritical for claiming a Governor General must adhere to tradition and discretion, all in a book that reveals intimate and judgmental details about certain personages, and released mere months after she left the office.[44]

Footnotes

  1. ^ Privy Council Office (October 30, 2008). "Information Resources > Current Chronological List of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada > 2001 –". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on February 15, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  2. ^ "From "small refugee" to the first Chinese Canadian". Sina. March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2016.>/ref>
  3. ISBN 0-670-06546-3
    .
  4. ^
    ISSN 0024-9262. Archived from the original
    on June 8, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  5. ^ "Clarkson looks forward to books, Xmas leftovers". CTV. December 23, 2003. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved December 30, 2003.
  6. ^ Clarkson, Adrienne (October 14, 2002). Office of the Governor General of Canada (ed.). "Her Excellency the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson Speech on the Occasion of the Luncheon in Honour of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh". Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  7. ^ Adrienne Clarkson Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b c Walker, William (September 9, 1999). "PM names Clarkson". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  9. ^ a b Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Honours > Order of Canada > Adrienne Clarkson, C.C., C.M.M., C.O.M., C.D." Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  10. ^ "Dupuy names Clarkson as Chairperson of Museum of Civilization" (Press release). Queen's Printer for Canada. November 7, 1995. Archived from the original on August 28, 2004. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
  11. ^ Alcock, Reg (April 14, 2005). "Excerpts From Statement by President of Treasury Board & Questions from MP's [sic]" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  12. ^ "Appointment of New Governor General" (Press release). Office of the Prime Minister. September 8, 1999. Retrieved February 27, 2009.
  13. ^ "Clarkson Installed as Governor General". Canadian Monarchist News. Autumn 1999. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. Archived from the original on July 8, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  14. ^ "Proclamation" (PDF), Canada Gazette, vol. 133, no. 3, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, October 7, 1999, retrieved January 1, 2017
  15. ^ "Unknown Soldier laid to rest at shrine to veterans". CBC. November 10, 2000. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  16. ^ Black, Dan (September 1, 2000). "The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". Legion Magazine. September 2000. Kanata: Canvet Publications Ltd. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Fraser, John (February 1, 2003). "Excellency". National Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  18. ^ "Interview With Pervez Musharraf; Interview With Paul Martin; Interview With Kweisi Mfume". CNN Late Edition With Wolf Blitzer. Season 11. December 5, 2004.
  19. ^ Graham, Bill (December 9, 2004). "Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  20. ^ a b "Gov. Gen. Clarkson defends her spending". CTV. September 24, 2003. Archived from the original on December 22, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  21. ^ MacKay, Peter (December 9, 2004). "Debate Extracts: Commons Cuts the GG's Budget" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Vol. Spring 2005, no. 23. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  22. ^ a b Fraser, John (April 29, 2012), "A national regent with a vision", National Post, archived from the original on April 29, 2012, retrieved April 29, 2012
  23. ^ "Prime Minister cancels trip to Netherlands and Moscow" (Press release). Office of the Prime Minister. April 25, 2005. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  24. ^ "Governor General's itinerary in the Netherlands" (Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. April 29, 2005. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  25. ^ "Former GG Clarkson criticizes federal government". CTV. October 10, 2005. Archived from the original on March 14, 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  26. ^ Fidelis (Summer 2004). "Canadian Confusion on Juno Beach" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. No. 22. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
  27. ^ Galloway, Gloria (June 7, 2010). "Jean to squeeze in trip to China between royal tour hello and goodbye". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved June 7, 2010.
  28. ^ Fidelis 2004, p. 3
  29. ^ a b c d Editorial (2005). "Our Governor General" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  30. ^ Fidelis (2005). "A Very Alarming Situation: the New Threat to the Canadian Monarchy – What Next?" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Spring 2005 (23). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 28, 2009.
  31. ^ Fagan, Drew (September 30, 2004). "Clarkson gets an extra year". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  32. ^ a b c "Clarkson out of hospital after pacemaker surgery". CTV. July 11, 2005. Archived from the original on November 20, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  33. ^ "Governor General announces the creation of the Governor General's Northern Medal" (Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. September 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  34. ^ a b Greenway, Norma (September 27, 2005). "Jean puts imprint on swearing-in". CanWest News Service. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
  35. ^ "Governor General Clarkson and John Ralston Saul to participate in tree planting ceremony to commemorate the end of their mandate" (Press release). Office of the Governor General of Canada. September 23, 2005. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2009.
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Preceded by Governor General of Canada
2000–2005 		Succeeded by
Order of precedence
Preceded byas former governor general Canadian order of precedence Succeeded byas former governor general
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