Ottoman Interregnum
Ottoman Interregnum | |||||||||
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Late 16th-century depiction of Musa and Süleyman, facing each other | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Mehmed's forces Serbian Despotate | İsa's forces | Süleyman's forces |
Musa's forces Wallachia | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Mehmed Çelebi Stefan Lazarević Imamzade Halil Pasha |
İsa Çelebi Junayd of Aydın[a][1][2] |
Süleyman Çelebi † Orhan Çelebi[d] |
Musa Çelebi Mircea the Elder[6] Sheikh Bedreddin[7] |
History of the Ottoman Empire |
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Timeline |
Historiography (Ghaza, Decline) |
The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War
Civil war
Isa and Mehmed
Civil war broke out among the sons of Sultan Bayezid I upon his death in 1403. His oldest son,
Suleyman enters civil war
Meanwhile, the other surviving son of Bayezid,
During the stalemate in Anatolia, which lasted from 1405–1410, Mehmed sent Musa across the Black Sea to Thrace with a small force to attack Suleyman's territories in south-eastern Europe. This maneuver soon recalled Suleyman to Thrace, where a short but sanguinary contest between him and Mûsa ensued. At first Suleyman had the advantage, winning the battle of Kosmidion in 1410, but in 1411 his army defected to Mûsa at Edirne. Suleyman was captured, given to Musa's bodyguard, Koyun Musasi, and strangled to death on 17 February 1411.[19][20] Mûsa was now the ruler of the Ottoman dominions in Thrace.
Mehmed and Musa
The armies of the rival Ottoman brothers met on the
The Interregnum was a striking example of the fratricide that would become common in Ottoman successions.
Political titles
During the Interregnum, only Mehmed minted coins titling himself Sultan. His brother Suleyman's coins called himself, Emir Suleyman b. Bayezid, while Musa's coins stated, Musa b. Bayezid. No coins of Isa's have survived.[24]
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Coin of Mehmed, citing Timur as overlord
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Coin of Süleyman
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Coin of Musa
Notes
References
- ^ Mélikoff 1965, pp. 599–600.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 50, 80, 109.
- ^ Zachariadou 1983, p. 86.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 119.
- ^ Philippides 2007, p. 73.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 140.
- TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. xi.
- TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. 1988–2016.
- ^ Fine 1994, p. 499.
- ^ a b Kastritsis 2007, p. 79.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 73.
- ^ a b Pitcher 1968, p. 59.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 109–110.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 85.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 110.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 112.
- ^ Finkel 2006, p. 32.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, pp. 155–156.
- ^ Ostrogorsky 1969, p. 557.
- ^ Spuler, Bagley & Kissling 1996, p. 14.
- ^ Nicol 1972, p. 327.
- ^ Kastritsis 2007, p. 198.
Bibliography
- ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- Finkel, Caroline (2006). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6112-2.
- ISBN 978-0-3336-1386-3.
- Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15836-8.
- Magoulias, Harry, ed. (1975). Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks, by Doukas. An Annotated Translation of "Historia Turco-Byzantina" by Harry J. Magoulias, Wayne State University. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1540-8.
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1972). The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge University Press.
- Ostrogorsky, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press.
- Philippides, Mario (2007). Mehmed II the Conqueror and the Fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some Western Views and Testimonies. ACMRS/Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.
- Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. E.J. Brill.
- Spuler, Bertold; Bagley, Frank Ronald Charles; Kissling, Hans Joachim (1996). The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World. Markus Weiner Publishers.